Component

Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis

Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

5 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. Cold-exposed Dio2-disrupted mice became hypothermic due to impaired brown adipose thermogenesis despite normal plasma T3 and normal basal UCP1, and survived by compensatory shivering with acute weight loss.

    Experimental Dio2-disrupted mouse genotype → Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/11696583.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "adbd82ff8c43d8a2718cfa752c9a0607c367648d6573b968eb885c883376dc68", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1332, "text_sha256": "adbd82ff8c43d8a2718cfa752c9a0607c367648d6573b968eb885c883376dc68"}
    experimental_model
    Mice with targeted disruption of the Dio2 gene, with brown adipocyte assays and T3 rescue
    exposure
    Cold stress, with norepinephrine, CL316,243 or forskolin stimulation, and a single T3 injection
    limitations
    The selenoenzyme is the link between thyroid hormone and sympathetic signalling. Plasma T3 was normal in the knockouts, so the defect is local hormone generation, not circulating hormone.
    nutrient_topic
    Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Cold water immersion
    organism
    Mouse
    plain_language
    Normal hormone in the blood was not enough; the tissue had to make its own.
    primary_references
    [cold-p11696583] The type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is essential for adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11696583/ DOI: 10.1172/jci13803
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Brown adipose tissue
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Cold water immersion: cold sensing, heat production, the catecholamine axis and what repeated exposure changes (2026-09-19) · lines 390–401

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mice with targeted disruption of the Dio2 gene, with brown adipocyte assays and T3 rescue · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### cold-dio2-null-hypothermia Cold-exposed Dio2-disrupted mice became hypothermic due to impaired brown adipose thermogenesis despite normal plasma T3 and normal basal UCP1, and survived by compensatory shivering with acute weight loss. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: Normal hormone in the blood was not enough; the tissue had to make its own. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Brown adipose tissue experimental_model: Mice with targeted disruption of the Dio2 gene, with brown adipocyte assays and T3 rescue limitations: The selenoenzyme is the link between thyroid hormone and sympathetic signalling. Plasma T3 was normal in the knockouts, so the defect is local hormone generation, not circulating hormone. exposure: Cold stress, with norepinephrine, CL316,243 or forskolin stimulation, and a single T3 injection evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/11696583.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "adbd82ff8c43d8a2718cfa752c9a0607c367648d6573b968eb885c883376dc68", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1332, "text_sha256": "adbd82ff8c43d8a2718cfa752c9a0607c367648d6573b968eb885c883376dc68"} [cold-p11696583] The type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is essential for adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11696583/ DOI: 10.1172/jci13803
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. The authors propose that intracellularly generated T3 is required to saturate thyroid hormone receptor alpha, which has an approximately fourfold lower T3-binding affinity than receptor beta, making the deiodinase an essential component of the thyroid-sympathetic synergism required for thermal homeostasis.

    T3 → Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/11696583.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "adbd82ff8c43d8a2718cfa752c9a0607c367648d6573b968eb885c883376dc68", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1332, "text_sha256": "adbd82ff8c43d8a2718cfa752c9a0607c367648d6573b968eb885c883376dc68"}
    experimental_model
    Mice with targeted disruption of the Dio2 gene, with brown adipocyte assays and T3 rescue
    exposure
    Cold stress, with norepinephrine, CL316,243 or forskolin stimulation, and a single T3 injection
    limitations
    The selenoenzyme is the link between thyroid hormone and sympathetic signalling. Plasma T3 was normal in the knockouts, so the defect is local hormone generation, not circulating hormone.
    nutrient_topic
    Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Cold water immersion
    organism
    Mouse
    plain_language
    Two receptors need different amounts of hormone, and only local production reaches the hungrier one.
    primary_references
    [cold-p11696583] The type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is essential for adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11696583/ DOI: 10.1172/jci13803
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Brown adipose tissue

    Cold water immersion: cold sensing, heat production, the catecholamine axis and what repeated exposure changes (2026-09-19) · lines 416–427

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mice with targeted disruption of the Dio2 gene, with brown adipocyte assays and T3 rescue · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### cold-dio2-thyroid-sympathetic-synergy The authors propose that intracellularly generated T3 is required to saturate thyroid hormone receptor alpha, which has an approximately fourfold lower T3-binding affinity than receptor beta, making the deiodinase an essential component of the thyroid-sympathetic synergism required for thermal homeostasis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: Two receptors need different amounts of hormone, and only local production reaches the hungrier one. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Brown adipose tissue experimental_model: Mice with targeted disruption of the Dio2 gene, with brown adipocyte assays and T3 rescue limitations: The selenoenzyme is the link between thyroid hormone and sympathetic signalling. Plasma T3 was normal in the knockouts, so the defect is local hormone generation, not circulating hormone. exposure: Cold stress, with norepinephrine, CL316,243 or forskolin stimulation, and a single T3 injection evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/11696583.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "adbd82ff8c43d8a2718cfa752c9a0607c367648d6573b968eb885c883376dc68", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1332, "text_sha256": "adbd82ff8c43d8a2718cfa752c9a0607c367648d6573b968eb885c883376dc68"} [cold-p11696583] The type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is essential for adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11696583/ DOI: 10.1172/jci13803
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. M8-B affected all thermoeffectors studied, including thermal preference, tail-skin vasoconstriction and brown fat thermogenesis, suggesting that TRPM8 is a universal cold receptor in the thermoregulation system, and it attenuated cold-induced c-Fos expression in the lateral parabrachial nucleus.

    Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 / TRPM8 cold and menthol receptor → Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/22323721.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0ead3b0097eaa75bf74d806e7f40bc61da4275cdd0af92735be9cad681ed3f0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1784, "text_sha256": "c0ead3b0097eaa75bf74d806e7f40bc61da4275cdd0af92735be9cad681ed3f0"}
    experimental_model
    Rats and mice with a selective TRPM8 antagonist given by several routes
    exposure
    M8-B intravenously, intrathecally or intracerebroventricularly, at constant or changing ambient temperature
    limitations
    On-target action is supported by the absence of effect in Trpm8-null mice. The peripheral site of action is inferred from route comparison, not from direct measurement at the nerve ending.
    nutrient_topic
    Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Cold water immersion
    organism
    Rat, mouse and human channels in vitro
    plain_language
    The same sensor feeds every cold defence: behaviour, blood vessels and heat production.
    primary_references
    [cold-p22323721] Pharmacological blockade of the cold receptor TRPM8 attenuates autonomic and behavioral cold defenses and decreases deep body temperature. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22323721/ DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5606-11.2012
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Skin sensory neurons and thermoeffectors

    Cold water immersion: cold sensing, heat production, the catecholamine axis and what repeated exposure changes (2026-09-19) · lines 104–115

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rats and mice with a selective TRPM8 antagonist given by several routes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### cold-trpm8-universal-receptor M8-B affected all thermoeffectors studied, including thermal preference, tail-skin vasoconstriction and brown fat thermogenesis, suggesting that TRPM8 is a universal cold receptor in the thermoregulation system, and it attenuated cold-induced c-Fos expression in the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: The same sensor feeds every cold defence: behaviour, blood vessels and heat production. organism: Rat, mouse and human channels in vitro tissue_or_cell_type: Skin sensory neurons and thermoeffectors experimental_model: Rats and mice with a selective TRPM8 antagonist given by several routes limitations: On-target action is supported by the absence of effect in Trpm8-null mice. The peripheral site of action is inferred from route comparison, not from direct measurement at the nerve ending. exposure: M8-B intravenously, intrathecally or intracerebroventricularly, at constant or changing ambient temperature evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/22323721.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0ead3b0097eaa75bf74d806e7f40bc61da4275cdd0af92735be9cad681ed3f0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1784, "text_sha256": "c0ead3b0097eaa75bf74d806e7f40bc61da4275cdd0af92735be9cad681ed3f0"} [cold-p22323721] Pharmacological blockade of the cold receptor TRPM8 attenuates autonomic and behavioral cold defenses and decreases deep body temperature. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22323721/ DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5606-11.2012
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Bilateral cervical or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy attenuated the decreases in brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve activity and thermogenesis evoked by nanoinjection of resiniferatoxin into the nucleus tractus solitarius but did not prevent the decreases evoked by intravenous dihydrocapsaicin, consistent with a non-vagal pathway through which systemic TRPV1 agonists can inhibit brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.

    Vagal afferent activity → Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/dihydrocapsaicin-research/29590555.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "947ba9408e8bbaecee08ba0b2018014faa1d26d3c1fdf8df063e92911e53e19a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1882, "text_sha256": "947ba9408e8bbaecee08ba0b2018014faa1d26d3c1fdf8df063e92911e53e19a"}
    experimental_model
    Urethane-chloralose-anaesthetised rats with nucleus tractus solitarius nanoinjection, sympathetic nerve recording and vagotomy
    exposure
    Intravenous dihydrocapsaicin, against resiniferatoxin nanoinjected into the nucleus tractus solitarius, with capsazepine and bilateral cervical or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy
    limitations
    The vagotomy control separates a central vagal route from whatever systemic dihydrocapsaicin uses. Anaesthetised animals, so the cardiovascular numbers are not directly comparable with the conscious studies here.
    nutrient_topic
    Dihydrocapsaicin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and dihydrocapsaicin is recorded separately from capsaicin. · Dihydrocapsaicin
    organism
    Rat
    plain_language
    Cutting the vagus nerve stopped the brain-injected agonist working but not the injected one, so they reach the heater by different roads.
    primary_references
    [dhc-p29590555] Activation of TRPV1 in nucleus tractus solitarius reduces brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, arterial pressure, and heart rate. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29590555/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00049.2018
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Nucleus tractus solitarius and brown adipose tissue

    Dihydrocapsaicin: the second capsaicinoid, the hypothermia it is used to induce, what the gut and liver do to it, and what it does without TRPV1 (2026-09-21) · lines 413–424

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Urethane-chloralose-anaesthetised rats with nucleus tractus solitarius nanoinjection, sympathetic nerve recording and vagotomy · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### dhc-not-a-vagal-route Bilateral cervical or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy attenuated the decreases in brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve activity and thermogenesis evoked by nanoinjection of resiniferatoxin into the nucleus tractus solitarius but did not prevent the decreases evoked by intravenous dihydrocapsaicin, consistent with a non-vagal pathway through which systemic TRPV1 agonists can inhibit brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Dihydrocapsaicin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and dihydrocapsaicin is recorded separately from capsaicin. plain_language: Cutting the vagus nerve stopped the brain-injected agonist working but not the injected one, so they reach the heater by different roads. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Nucleus tractus solitarius and brown adipose tissue experimental_model: Urethane-chloralose-anaesthetised rats with nucleus tractus solitarius nanoinjection, sympathetic nerve recording and vagotomy limitations: The vagotomy control separates a central vagal route from whatever systemic dihydrocapsaicin uses. Anaesthetised animals, so the cardiovascular numbers are not directly comparable with the conscious studies here. exposure: Intravenous dihydrocapsaicin, against resiniferatoxin nanoinjected into the nucleus tractus solitarius, with capsazepine and bilateral cervical or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/dihydrocapsaicin-research/29590555.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "947ba9408e8bbaecee08ba0b2018014faa1d26d3c1fdf8df063e92911e53e19a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1882, "text_sha256": "947ba9408e8bbaecee08ba0b2018014faa1d26d3c1fdf8df063e92911e53e19a"} [dhc-p29590555] Activation of TRPV1 in nucleus tractus solitarius reduces brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, arterial pressure, and heart rate. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29590555/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00049.2018
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. Intravenous injection of the TRPV1 agonist dihydrocapsaicin decreased brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve activity, brown adipose tissue temperature, expired carbon dioxide and heart rate, though not mean arterial pressure, during skin cooling in anaesthetised rats.

    Dihydrocapsaicin → Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/dihydrocapsaicin-research/29590555.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "947ba9408e8bbaecee08ba0b2018014faa1d26d3c1fdf8df063e92911e53e19a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1882, "text_sha256": "947ba9408e8bbaecee08ba0b2018014faa1d26d3c1fdf8df063e92911e53e19a"}
    experimental_model
    Urethane-chloralose-anaesthetised rats with nucleus tractus solitarius nanoinjection, sympathetic nerve recording and vagotomy
    exposure
    Intravenous dihydrocapsaicin, against resiniferatoxin nanoinjected into the nucleus tractus solitarius, with capsazepine and bilateral cervical or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy
    limitations
    The vagotomy control separates a central vagal route from whatever systemic dihydrocapsaicin uses. Anaesthetised animals, so the cardiovascular numbers are not directly comparable with the conscious studies here.
    nutrient_topic
    Dihydrocapsaicin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and dihydrocapsaicin is recorded separately from capsaicin. · Dihydrocapsaicin
    organism
    Rat
    plain_language
    It turns down the body’s own heater, which is part of why the temperature falls.
    primary_references
    [dhc-p29590555] Activation of TRPV1 in nucleus tractus solitarius reduces brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, arterial pressure, and heart rate. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29590555/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00049.2018
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Nucleus tractus solitarius and brown adipose tissue

    Dihydrocapsaicin: the second capsaicinoid, the hypothermia it is used to induce, what the gut and liver do to it, and what it does without TRPV1 (2026-09-21) · lines 400–411

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Urethane-chloralose-anaesthetised rats with nucleus tractus solitarius nanoinjection, sympathetic nerve recording and vagotomy · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### dhc-shuts-down-brown-fat Intravenous injection of the TRPV1 agonist dihydrocapsaicin decreased brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve activity, brown adipose tissue temperature, expired carbon dioxide and heart rate, though not mean arterial pressure, during skin cooling in anaesthetised rats. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Dihydrocapsaicin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and dihydrocapsaicin is recorded separately from capsaicin. plain_language: It turns down the body’s own heater, which is part of why the temperature falls. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Nucleus tractus solitarius and brown adipose tissue experimental_model: Urethane-chloralose-anaesthetised rats with nucleus tractus solitarius nanoinjection, sympathetic nerve recording and vagotomy limitations: The vagotomy control separates a central vagal route from whatever systemic dihydrocapsaicin uses. Anaesthetised animals, so the cardiovascular numbers are not directly comparable with the conscious studies here. exposure: Intravenous dihydrocapsaicin, against resiniferatoxin nanoinjected into the nucleus tractus solitarius, with capsazepine and bilateral cervical or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/dihydrocapsaicin-research/29590555.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "947ba9408e8bbaecee08ba0b2018014faa1d26d3c1fdf8df063e92911e53e19a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1882, "text_sha256": "947ba9408e8bbaecee08ba0b2018014faa1d26d3c1fdf8df063e92911e53e19a"} [dhc-p29590555] Activation of TRPV1 in nucleus tractus solitarius reduces brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, arterial pressure, and heart rate. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29590555/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00049.2018
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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