Skeletal-muscle AMPK activity: molecular mechanisms & dependencies

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

Human evidence only

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

Ten weeks of metformin significantly increased skeletal-muscle AMPK alpha2 activity with increased Thr172 phosphorylation and decreased acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2 activity in people with type 2 diabetes.
Metformin → Skeletal-muscle AMPK activity source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/12086935.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a7807ae8af1c0f438eeff1dd4106d0198681e72f0333f0556786b9151b0df680", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1474, "text_sha256": "a7807ae8af1c0f438eeff1dd4106d0198681e72f0333f0556786b9151b0df680"}
experimental_model
Ten weeks of metformin in people with type 2 diabetes with muscle biopsies
exposure
Therapeutic metformin doses for 10 weeks
limitations
A human tissue measurement at therapeutic dose. It is an association within a treatment study, not a demonstration that AMPK causes the glucose disposal change.
nutrient_topic
Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. · Metformin
organism
Human
plain_language
At the dose people take, the energy sensor is measurably more active in human muscle.
primary_references
[metformin-p12086935] Metformin increases AMP-activated protein kinase activity in skeletal muscle of subjects with type 2 diabetes. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12086935/ DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.51.7.2074
tissue_or_cell_type
Skeletal muscle
Metformin: transport, molecular targets, gut mechanisms and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 736–747
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ten weeks of metformin in people with type 2 diabetes with muscle biopsies · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### metformin-human-muscle-ampk Ten weeks of metformin significantly increased skeletal-muscle AMPK alpha2 activity with increased Thr172 phosphorylation and decreased acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2 activity in people with type 2 diabetes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. plain_language: At the dose people take, the energy sensor is measurably more active in human muscle. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Skeletal muscle experimental_model: Ten weeks of metformin in people with type 2 diabetes with muscle biopsies limitations: A human tissue measurement at therapeutic dose. It is an association within a treatment study, not a demonstration that AMPK causes the glucose disposal change. exposure: Therapeutic metformin doses for 10 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/12086935.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a7807ae8af1c0f438eeff1dd4106d0198681e72f0333f0556786b9151b0df680", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1474, "text_sha256": "a7807ae8af1c0f438eeff1dd4106d0198681e72f0333f0556786b9151b0df680"} [metformin-p12086935] Metformin increases AMP-activated protein kinase activity in skeletal muscle of subjects with type 2 diabetes. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12086935/ DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.51.7.2074
Complete structured claim and evidence
Measured muscle AMPK activity was unchanged.
Fasting / abstention from energy intake → Skeletal-muscle AMPK activity source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_access
Primary abstract
experimental_model
Thirteen adults; seven-day fast, muscle biopsies and exercise testing.
limitations
Not proof that AMPK is unchanged in every tissue or at every time point.
nutrient_topic
Fasting physiological-state collection; human protocols, cellular deprivation and refeeding are distinguished. · Fasting / abstention from energy intake
plain_language
A popular fasting signal did not rise in this tissue and protocol.
primary_references
Effects of seven days' fasting on physical performance and metabolic adaptation during exercise in humans. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39747857/ · DOI 10.1038/s41467-024-55418-0
Fasting: fuel switching, nutrient sensing, ketone signaling, nutrient dependencies and refeeding (2026-09-18) · lines 184–190
AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Thirteen adults; seven-day fast, muscle biopsies and exercise testing. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## fast-muscle-ampk A popular fasting signal did not rise in this tissue and protocol. Measured muscle AMPK activity was unchanged. Model: Thirteen adults; seven-day fast, muscle biopsies and exercise testing. Limitations: Not proof that AMPK is unchanged in every tissue or at every time point. Evidence access: Primary abstract Effects of seven days' fasting on physical performance and metabolic adaptation during exercise in humans. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39747857/ · DOI 10.1038/s41467-024-55418-0
Complete structured claim and evidence

The events it takes part in

A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.

Situations it appears in

Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

Open hypotheses

Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.

This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

Skeletal-muscle AMPK activity