Plasma renin activity

duration

8 weeks

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.

experimental_model

Human (73 completers with elevated blood pressure)

exposure

Nattokinase, 2,000 FU per day

limitations

The only mediator measured in that trial. Its direction is not reproduced by the North American trial, where an exploratory low-renin subgroup moved the other way.

organism

Human (73 completers with elevated blood pressure)

plain_language

The net change in plasma renin activity was -1.17 ng/mL/h against placebo in the same trial.

primary_references

Effects of nattokinase on blood pressure: a randomized, controlled trial. (2008) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18971533/ DOI: 10.1291/hypres.31.1583

route

In vivo, oral

tissue

Plasma

Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1005–1005

Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (73 completers with elevated blood pressure) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

The net change in plasma renin activity was -1.17 ng/mL/h against placebo in the same trial.

duration

8 weeks

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.

experimental_model

Human, exploratory low-renin subgroup

exposure

NSK-SD, 100 mg per day

limitations

A post-hoc subgroup at p < 0.1, in the opposite direction to the whole-group fall reported by the Korean trial. Recorded as a conflict rather than resolved.

organism

Human, exploratory low-renin subgroup

plain_language

Among participants with baseline plasma renin activity below 0.29 ng/mL/h, 66% showed an increase after eight weeks against 8% on placebo, at p < 0.1.

primary_references

Consumption of nattokinase is associated with reduced blood pressure and von Willebrand factor, a cardiovascular risk marker: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter North American clinical trial. (2016) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27785095/ DOI: 10.2147/IBPC.S99553

route

In vivo, oral

tissue

Plasma

Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1038–1038

Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human, exploratory low-renin subgroup · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

Among participants with baseline plasma renin activity below 0.29 ng/mL/h, 66% showed an increase after eight weeks against 8% on placebo, at p < 0.1.

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Young men during 1-hour head-out immersions at 32, 20 and 14 degrees C

exposure

One hour head-out immersion at three water temperatures

limitations

The thermoneutral arm separates hydrostatic pressure from cold. Cortisol did not rise at any temperature, which bears directly on calling immersion a stress response.

nutrient_topic

Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Cold water immersion

organism

Human

plain_language

Simply being in water, at any temperature, drops blood pressure and makes you urinate.

primary_references

[cold-p10751106] Human physiological responses to immersion into water of different temperatures. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10751106/ DOI: 10.1007/s004210050065

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole body

Cold water immersion: cold sensing, heat production, the catecholamine axis and what repeated exposure changes (2026-09-19) · lines 169–180

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Young men during 1-hour head-out immersions at 32, 20 and 14 degrees C · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cold-pressure-versus-cold Immersion at thermoneutral 32 degrees C did not change rectal temperature or metabolic rate but lowered heart rate by 15% and blood pressure by 11 to 12%, lowered plasma renin activity by 46%, cortisol by 34% and aldosterone by 17%, and increased diuresis by 107%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: Simply being in water, at any temperature, drops blood pressure and makes you urinate. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body experimental_model: Young men during 1-hour head-out immersions at 32, 20 and 14 degrees C limitations: The thermoneutral arm separates hydrostatic pressure from cold. Cortisol did not rise at any temperature, which bears directly on calling immersion a stress response. exposure: One hour head-out immersion at three water temperatures evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/10751106.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d018fda7c67dc61bb0d4a38ddfd7850e7252897587c5a4477607271b10d42291", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2332, "text_sha256": "d018fda7c67dc61bb0d4a38ddfd7850e7252897587c5a4477607271b10d42291"} [cold-p10751106] Human physiological responses to immersion into water of different temperatures. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10751106/ DOI: 10.1007/s004210050065