Component

PYY secretion measured in plasma or perfusate

PYY secretion measured in plasma or perfusate. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

3 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Luminal and especially vascular infusion of acetate and butyrate significantly increased colonic GLP-1 secretion and to a minor extent PYY secretion in the isolated perfused rat colon, but only after enhancement of intracellular cAMP, while propionate affected neither GLP-1 nor PYY by either route.

    Acetate → Plasma GLP-1 response in the specified meal or glucose challenge source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/29494208.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9f8def7b832fdd5d5aed67891c84b18b597d558d9361a92412ccc44264b88126", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2445, "text_sha256": "9f8def7b832fdd5d5aed67891c84b18b597d558d9361a92412ccc44264b88126"}
    experimental_model
    Isolated perfused rat colon with luminal and vascular short-chain fatty acid infusion and receptor pharmacology
    exposure
    Acetate, propionate and butyrate perfused luminally or vascularly, with FFAR2/FFAR3 agonists, an FFAR3 antagonist, nifedipine, diazoxide and 2,4-dinitrophenol
    limitations
    An isolated organ preparation with an intact blood supply. It reaches the opposite mechanistic conclusion from the knockout work in this collection and is why the receptor route is recorded as disputed.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Rat
    plain_language
    Acetate and butyrate released the hormone from the isolated gut; propionate did not.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p29494208] The impact of short-chain fatty acids on GLP-1 and PYY secretion from the isolated perfused rat colon. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29494208/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00346.2017
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Colon

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 329–340

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated perfused rat colon with luminal and vascular short-chain fatty acid infusion and receptor pharmacology · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-acetate-glp1-perfused Luminal and especially vascular infusion of acetate and butyrate significantly increased colonic GLP-1 secretion and to a minor extent PYY secretion in the isolated perfused rat colon, but only after enhancement of intracellular cAMP, while propionate affected neither GLP-1 nor PYY by either route. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: Acetate and butyrate released the hormone from the isolated gut; propionate did not. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Colon experimental_model: Isolated perfused rat colon with luminal and vascular short-chain fatty acid infusion and receptor pharmacology limitations: An isolated organ preparation with an intact blood supply. It reaches the opposite mechanistic conclusion from the knockout work in this collection and is why the receptor route is recorded as disputed. exposure: Acetate, propionate and butyrate perfused luminally or vascularly, with FFAR2/FFAR3 agonists, an FFAR3 antagonist, nifedipine, diazoxide and 2,4-dinitrophenol evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/29494208.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9f8def7b832fdd5d5aed67891c84b18b597d558d9361a92412ccc44264b88126", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2445, "text_sha256": "9f8def7b832fdd5d5aed67891c84b18b597d558d9361a92412ccc44264b88126"} [acetate-p29494208] The impact of short-chain fatty acids on GLP-1 and PYY secretion from the isolated perfused rat colon. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29494208/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00346.2017
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Inulin but not resistant starch significantly increased the short-chain fatty acid area under the curve from 4 to 6 hours, yet neither affected the GLP-1 or PYY area under the curve, while ghrelin at 6 hours after inulin was significantly lower than after glucose and the change in short-chain fatty acid area was negatively related to the change in ghrelin area; responses did not differ significantly between lean and overweight subjects.

    Inulin → Plasma GLP-1 response in the specified meal or glucose challenge source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/27966574.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c0282e2d96baff8a6dde713af91c9df8641d7075c78cf1453ee7d74f6016cd3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1724, "text_sha256": "7c0282e2d96baff8a6dde713af91c9df8641d7075c78cf1453ee7d74f6016cd3"}
    experimental_model
    Randomised single-blind crossover in 13 overweight or obese and 12 lean humans
    exposure
    75 g glucose alone, or with 24 g inulin or 28.2 g resistant starch, with blood sampled over 6 hours
    limitations
    The ligand did rise: inulin significantly increased the 4 to 6 hour short-chain fatty acid area under the curve. The authors note that a longer adaptation or a larger sample might give a different answer.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    In people the fatty acids rose and the two appetite hormones did not move, though ghrelin fell.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p27966574] Acute increases in serum colonic short-chain fatty acids elicited by inulin do not increase GLP-1 or PYY responses but may reduce ghrelin in lean and overweight humans. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27966574/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.249
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Whole body

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 368–379

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised single-blind crossover in 13 overweight or obese and 12 lean humans · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-no-human-glp1 Inulin but not resistant starch significantly increased the short-chain fatty acid area under the curve from 4 to 6 hours, yet neither affected the GLP-1 or PYY area under the curve, while ghrelin at 6 hours after inulin was significantly lower than after glucose and the change in short-chain fatty acid area was negatively related to the change in ghrelin area; responses did not differ significantly between lean and overweight subjects. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: In people the fatty acids rose and the two appetite hormones did not move, though ghrelin fell. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body experimental_model: Randomised single-blind crossover in 13 overweight or obese and 12 lean humans limitations: The ligand did rise: inulin significantly increased the 4 to 6 hour short-chain fatty acid area under the curve. The authors note that a longer adaptation or a larger sample might give a different answer. exposure: 75 g glucose alone, or with 24 g inulin or 28.2 g resistant starch, with blood sampled over 6 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/27966574.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c0282e2d96baff8a6dde713af91c9df8641d7075c78cf1453ee7d74f6016cd3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1724, "text_sha256": "7c0282e2d96baff8a6dde713af91c9df8641d7075c78cf1453ee7d74f6016cd3"} [acetate-p27966574] Acute increases in serum colonic short-chain fatty acids elicited by inulin do not increase GLP-1 or PYY responses but may reduce ghrelin in lean and overweight humans. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27966574/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.249
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Propionate stimulated secretion of both peptide YY and GLP-1 from wild-type murine colonic crypt cultures and this effect was significantly attenuated in cultures from FFA2 knockout mice, while intra-colonic infusion of propionate elevated both hormones in portal vein plasma in rats and mice but did not significantly stimulate their release in FFA2 knockout mice.

    Human free fatty acid receptor 2 / FFAR2 → Plasma GLP-1 response in the specified meal or glucose challenge source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/25109781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c3c934644f9308be7b2c26f969858debd0d1dbf19bee7e307e529d392fe135d6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1621, "text_sha256": "c3c934644f9308be7b2c26f969858debd0d1dbf19bee7e307e529d392fe135d6"}
    experimental_model
    Wistar rats, C57BL6 mice and FFA2 knockout mice, with colonic crypt cultures and portal vein sampling
    exposure
    Propionate applied to colonic crypt cultures and infused into the colon, with FFA2 deletion as the test of mediation
    limitations
    Establishes the receptor-to-hormone step in rodents using propionate rather than acetate. The knockout is the strength of the design.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Rat and mouse
    plain_language
    In rodents the receptor is what releases the two gut hormones; delete it and the response goes.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p25109781] The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25109781/ DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.153
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Colon

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 316–327

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Wistar rats, C57BL6 mice and FFA2 knockout mice, with colonic crypt cultures and portal vein sampling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-scfa-glp1-rodent Propionate stimulated secretion of both peptide YY and GLP-1 from wild-type murine colonic crypt cultures and this effect was significantly attenuated in cultures from FFA2 knockout mice, while intra-colonic infusion of propionate elevated both hormones in portal vein plasma in rats and mice but did not significantly stimulate their release in FFA2 knockout mice. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: In rodents the receptor is what releases the two gut hormones; delete it and the response goes. organism: Rat and mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Colon experimental_model: Wistar rats, C57BL6 mice and FFA2 knockout mice, with colonic crypt cultures and portal vein sampling limitations: Establishes the receptor-to-hormone step in rodents using propionate rather than acetate. The knockout is the strength of the design. exposure: Propionate applied to colonic crypt cultures and infused into the colon, with FFA2 deletion as the test of mediation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/25109781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c3c934644f9308be7b2c26f969858debd0d1dbf19bee7e307e529d392fe135d6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1621, "text_sha256": "c3c934644f9308be7b2c26f969858debd0d1dbf19bee7e307e529d392fe135d6"} [acetate-p25109781] The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25109781/ DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.153
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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