Parbendazole: molecular mechanisms & dependencies

How nutrients influence it

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Human evidence only

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

Where it participates (unsigned role)

Median inhibitory concentrations for nocodazole, oxibendazole, parbendazole, mebendazole and fenbendazole against bovine brain tubulin polymerisation ranged from 1.97 x 10-6 to 6.32 x 10-6 molar, while benomyl, cambendazole and carbendazim had values from 5.83 x 10-5 to 9.01 x 10-5 molar and thiabendazole had a value of 5.49 x 10-4 molar.
Mebendazole → Polymerisation of tubulin into microtubules source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/728472.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "544c36409218c93ebff76d932a2bc6e14ccf7fd6e217d4614c4b561281c2555a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1025, "text_sha256": "544c36409218c93ebff76d932a2bc6e14ccf7fd6e217d4614c4b561281c2555a"}
experimental_model
Turbidimetric microtubule polymerisation assay and colchicine binding assay on purified bovine brain tubulin
exposure
Eleven benzimidazoles compared for inhibition of the initial rate of microtubule polymerisation
limitations
Purified mammalian tubulin, which is the off-target rather than the parasite target. It fixes where mebendazole sits in the class by potency.
nutrient_topic
Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. · Mebendazole
organism
Cattle
plain_language
Mebendazole sits in the potent group; thiabendazole is about a hundred times weaker.
primary_references
[mbz-p728472] Interaction of anthelmintic benzimidazoles and benzimidazole derivatives with bovine brain tubulin. (1978). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/728472/ DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(78)90334-3
tissue_or_cell_type
Brain tubulin
Mebendazole: the tubulin it binds, why that is selective, the crystal form that decides whether any of it works, and the off-target that became an oncology programme (2026-09-22) · lines 82–93
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Turbidimetric microtubule polymerisation assay and colchicine binding assay on purified bovine brain tubulin · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### mbz-inhibits-polymerisation Median inhibitory concentrations for nocodazole, oxibendazole, parbendazole, mebendazole and fenbendazole against bovine brain tubulin polymerisation ranged from 1.97 x 10-6 to 6.32 x 10-6 molar, while benomyl, cambendazole and carbendazim had values from 5.83 x 10-5 to 9.01 x 10-5 molar and thiabendazole had a value of 5.49 x 10-4 molar. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. plain_language: Mebendazole sits in the potent group; thiabendazole is about a hundred times weaker. organism: Cattle tissue_or_cell_type: Brain tubulin experimental_model: Turbidimetric microtubule polymerisation assay and colchicine binding assay on purified bovine brain tubulin limitations: Purified mammalian tubulin, which is the off-target rather than the parasite target. It fixes where mebendazole sits in the class by potency. exposure: Eleven benzimidazoles compared for inhibition of the initial rate of microtubule polymerisation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/728472.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "544c36409218c93ebff76d932a2bc6e14ccf7fd6e217d4614c4b561281c2555a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1025, "text_sha256": "544c36409218c93ebff76d932a2bc6e14ccf7fd6e217d4614c4b561281c2555a"} [mbz-p728472] Interaction of anthelmintic benzimidazoles and benzimidazole derivatives with bovine brain tubulin. (1978). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/728472/ DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(78)90334-3
Complete structured claim and evidence
Albendazole-resistant Giardia lines showed major chromosome rearrangements and differences in the cytoskeleton, particularly the median body, implicating the cytoskeleton in the mechanism of resistance, but sequence data spanning the region encoding phenylalanine at position 200 demonstrated that the beta-tubulin gene did not carry a mutation at that codon, suggesting that phenylalanine at position 200 is not necessary for benzimidazole resistance.
Resistance to benzimidazole anthelmintics → Beta-tubulin carrying phenylalanine at position 200 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/9158790.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b1e25da8738886a9f416bb8411755eca925e232495786f938ef8f9afac40de30", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1295, "text_sha256": "b1e25da8738886a9f416bb8411755eca925e232495786f938ef8f9afac40de30"}
experimental_model
Albendazole resistance induced in three Giardia cultures by stepwise drug exposure, with beta-tubulin sequencing
exposure
Growth in successively increasing albendazole, with immunofluorescence and PCR across codon 200
limitations
A counterexample obtained with albendazole rather than mebendazole, in a protozoan rather than a nematode. It is recorded because it tests the codon-200 rule directly and the rule fails.
nutrient_topic
Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. · Mebendazole
organism
Giardia
plain_language
Resistant parasites that never touched the famous mutation, so it cannot be the only route.
primary_references
[mbz-p9158790] Albendazole resistance in Giardia is correlated with cytoskeletal changes but not with a mutation at amino acid 200 in beta-tubulin. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9158790/ DOI: 10.1089/mdr.1996.2.303
tissue_or_cell_type
Cytoskeleton and beta-tubulin gene
Mebendazole: the tubulin it binds, why that is selective, the crystal form that decides whether any of it works, and the off-target that became an oncology programme (2026-09-22) · lines 277–288
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Albendazole resistance induced in three Giardia cultures by stepwise drug exposure, with beta-tubulin sequencing · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### mbz-resistance-without-codon-200 Albendazole-resistant Giardia lines showed major chromosome rearrangements and differences in the cytoskeleton, particularly the median body, implicating the cytoskeleton in the mechanism of resistance, but sequence data spanning the region encoding phenylalanine at position 200 demonstrated that the beta-tubulin gene did not carry a mutation at that codon, suggesting that phenylalanine at position 200 is not necessary for benzimidazole resistance. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. plain_language: Resistant parasites that never touched the famous mutation, so it cannot be the only route. organism: Giardia tissue_or_cell_type: Cytoskeleton and beta-tubulin gene experimental_model: Albendazole resistance induced in three Giardia cultures by stepwise drug exposure, with beta-tubulin sequencing limitations: A counterexample obtained with albendazole rather than mebendazole, in a protozoan rather than a nematode. It is recorded because it tests the codon-200 rule directly and the rule fails. exposure: Growth in successively increasing albendazole, with immunofluorescence and PCR across codon 200 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/9158790.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b1e25da8738886a9f416bb8411755eca925e232495786f938ef8f9afac40de30", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1295, "text_sha256": "b1e25da8738886a9f416bb8411755eca925e232495786f938ef8f9afac40de30"} [mbz-p9158790] Albendazole resistance in Giardia is correlated with cytoskeletal changes but not with a mutation at amino acid 200 in beta-tubulin. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9158790/ DOI: 10.1089/mdr.1996.2.303
Complete structured claim and evidence

The events it takes part in

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Situations it appears in

Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.

In the sources

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Open hypotheses

Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.

This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

Parbendazole