Component

Kidney metformin concentration

Kidney metformin concentration. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

2 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. Berberine increased kidney metformin concentration despite lower early plasma exposure in the oral rat study.

    Berberine → Kidney metformin concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/30428337.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d35cfbe70c74323ef13e51af7affae3f13a4ff7b80a1d278620b8ced217346d8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1775, "text_sha256": "d35cfbe70c74323ef13e51af7affae3f13a4ff7b80a1d278620b8ced217346d8"}
    experimental_model
    Oral rat pharmacokinetics, intestinal sacs and rat-transporter-expressing cells
    exposure
    Oral metformin/berberine coadministration; concentration-dependent transport assays
    limitations
    Route differs from the intravenous rat study. Changes in plasma, kidney tissue and excretion are separate outcomes; not proof of improved human combination efficacy.
    nutrient_topic
    Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine
    organism
    Rats and recombinant rat OCT1, OCT2 and MATE1
    plain_language
    Lower blood levels do not necessarily mean lower levels in every organ.
    primary_references
    [berberine-p30428337] Organic cation transporter and multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 co-mediated interaction between metformin and berberine. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30428337/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.010
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal uptake, kidney distribution and excretion

    Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 857–868

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Oral rat pharmacokinetics, intestinal sacs and rat-transporter-expressing cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### berberine-metformin-kidney-rat Berberine increased kidney metformin concentration despite lower early plasma exposure in the oral rat study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Lower blood levels do not necessarily mean lower levels in every organ. organism: Rats and recombinant rat OCT1, OCT2 and MATE1 tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal uptake, kidney distribution and excretion experimental_model: Oral rat pharmacokinetics, intestinal sacs and rat-transporter-expressing cells limitations: Route differs from the intravenous rat study. Changes in plasma, kidney tissue and excretion are separate outcomes; not proof of improved human combination efficacy. exposure: Oral metformin/berberine coadministration; concentration-dependent transport assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/30428337.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d35cfbe70c74323ef13e51af7affae3f13a4ff7b80a1d278620b8ced217346d8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1775, "text_sha256": "d35cfbe70c74323ef13e51af7affae3f13a4ff7b80a1d278620b8ced217346d8"} [berberine-p30428337] Organic cation transporter and multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 co-mediated interaction between metformin and berberine. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30428337/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.010
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Renal OCT2 expression was the key factor controlling concentrative accumulation of metformin in the rat kidney.

    Human organic cation transporter 2 / OCT2 / SLC22A2 → Kidney metformin concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/16272756.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9da4317752d37da62129139affd33016e879d367c4cf58cfefb9200c663fe4ed", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1284, "text_sha256": "9da4317752d37da62129139affd33016e879d367c4cf58cfefb9200c663fe4ed"}
    experimental_model
    Human and rat transporter cDNA transfection into HEK293 cells with rat tissue distribution
    exposure
    Metformin uptake across five renal organic ion transporters and tissue accumulation in male rats
    limitations
    Relative capacities are transfection-dependent; the study itself notes that plasmid amount changes the apparent kinetics.
    nutrient_topic
    Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. · Metformin
    organism
    Rat
    plain_language
    Kidney tissue concentrates the drug because of this transporter.
    primary_references
    [metformin-p16272756] Metformin is a superior substrate for renal organic cation transporter OCT2 rather than hepatic OCT1. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16272756/ DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.20.379
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Kidney and liver

    Metformin: transport, molecular targets, gut mechanisms and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 190–201

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human and rat transporter cDNA transfection into HEK293 cells with rat tissue distribution · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### metformin-oct2-kidney-accumulation Renal OCT2 expression was the key factor controlling concentrative accumulation of metformin in the rat kidney. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. plain_language: Kidney tissue concentrates the drug because of this transporter. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Kidney and liver experimental_model: Human and rat transporter cDNA transfection into HEK293 cells with rat tissue distribution limitations: Relative capacities are transfection-dependent; the study itself notes that plasmid amount changes the apparent kinetics. exposure: Metformin uptake across five renal organic ion transporters and tissue accumulation in male rats evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/16272756.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9da4317752d37da62129139affd33016e879d367c4cf58cfefb9200c663fe4ed", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1284, "text_sha256": "9da4317752d37da62129139affd33016e879d367c4cf58cfefb9200c663fe4ed"} [metformin-p16272756] Metformin is a superior substrate for renal organic cation transporter OCT2 rather than hepatic OCT1. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16272756/ DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.20.379
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards