Component

Major cardiovascular events

Major cardiovascular events. Read linked claims for the population, experiment and limits.

3 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. The highest versus lowest TMAO quartile was associated with a three-year event hazard ratio of 2.54 (95% CI 1.96–3.28) in the angiography cohort.

    Circulating trimethylamine N-oxide concentration → Major cardiovascular events source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23614584.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9de33f54f0fce1c470cc96c18163574d26fc5c56802e60771c75fdacc5804e0a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2119, "text_sha256": "9de33f54f0fce1c470cc96c18163574d26fc5c56802e60771c75fdacc5804e0a"}
    experimental_model
    Human isotope challenge with antibiotics plus a separate observational cohort
    exposure
    Two eggs plus d9-PC before/after antibiotics; three-year event follow-up
    limitations
    The challenge establishes microbiota involvement; the outcome cohort establishes association, not that avoiding choline or eggs prevents events.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    A blood marker predicted risk in this clinical cohort; that alone does not prove a dietary cause.
    primary_references
    [choline-p23614584] Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23614584/ DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1109400
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Healthy challenge participants; 4007 angiography patients in the outcome cohort

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1166–1177

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human isotope challenge with antibiotics plus a separate observational cohort · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-tmao-event-association The highest versus lowest TMAO quartile was associated with a three-year event hazard ratio of 2.54 (95% CI 1.96–3.28) in the angiography cohort. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A blood marker predicted risk in this clinical cohort; that alone does not prove a dietary cause. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Healthy challenge participants; 4007 angiography patients in the outcome cohort experimental_model: Human isotope challenge with antibiotics plus a separate observational cohort limitations: The challenge establishes microbiota involvement; the outcome cohort establishes association, not that avoiding choline or eggs prevents events. exposure: Two eggs plus d9-PC before/after antibiotics; three-year event follow-up evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23614584.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9de33f54f0fce1c470cc96c18163574d26fc5c56802e60771c75fdacc5804e0a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2119, "text_sha256": "9de33f54f0fce1c470cc96c18163574d26fc5c56802e60771c75fdacc5804e0a"} [choline-p23614584] Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23614584/ DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1109400
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. In HOPE/HOPE-TOO, vitamin E did not reduce major cardiovascular events (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.96–1.14).

    Vitamin E → Major cardiovascular events source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    cross_nutrient
    false
    experimental_model
    HOPE/HOPE-TOO randomized trial and extension in vascular disease or diabetes; initial n=9541
    exposure
    Natural-source vitamin E 400 IU/day; median follow-up 7 years; extension included ongoing treatment and passive follow-up.
    limitations
    High-risk population and extension participation limits. Heart failure was a secondary outcome; no specific molecular cause is established by the trial. Natural-source vitamin E is reported; an exact ester identity is not inferred from the abstract.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin E research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin E
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    Longer supplementation did not lower major cardiovascular events in the studied high-risk patients.
    primary_references
    [e-clin-hope2005] Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15769967/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.293.11.1338
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Cardiovascular clinical events

    Vitamin E: transport, membrane protection and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1375–1386

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HOPE/HOPE-TOO randomized trial and extension in vascular disease or diabetes; initial n=9541 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### e-clin-hope-cardiovascular In HOPE/HOPE-TOO, vitamin E did not reduce major cardiovascular events (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.96–1.14). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin E research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Longer supplementation did not lower major cardiovascular events in the studied high-risk patients. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Cardiovascular clinical events experimental_model: HOPE/HOPE-TOO randomized trial and extension in vascular disease or diabetes; initial n=9541 limitations: High-risk population and extension participation limits. Heart failure was a secondary outcome; no specific molecular cause is established by the trial. Natural-source vitamin E is reported; an exact ester identity is not inferred from the abstract. exposure: Natural-source vitamin E 400 IU/day; median follow-up 7 years; extension included ongoing treatment and passive follow-up. cross_nutrient: false [e-clin-hope2005] Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15769967/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.293.11.1338
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Vitamin E did not reduce major cardiovascular events in PHS II (HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.90–1.13).

    All-rac-alpha-tocopherol → Major cardiovascular events source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    cross_nutrient
    true
    experimental_model
    Physicians Health Study II randomized factorial trial; 14641 male US physicians aged at least 50
    exposure
    Synthetic alpha-tocopherol 400 IU on alternate days, with factorial vitamin C 500 mg/day; mean follow-up 8 years.
    limitations
    Mostly primary prevention in male physicians; historical regimen is not nutritional repletion. Primary Methods specify synthetic alpha-tocopherol; no unverified ester identity is attached.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin E research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin E
    organism
    Homo sapiens
    plain_language
    The tested vitamin E regimen did not prevent major cardiovascular events in these men.
    primary_references
    [e-clin-phs2008] Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18997197/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2008.600
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Cardiovascular clinical events

    Vitamin E: transport, membrane protection and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1349–1360

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Physicians Health Study II randomized factorial trial; 14641 male US physicians aged at least 50 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### e-clin-phs-cardiovascular Vitamin E did not reduce major cardiovascular events in PHS II (HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.90–1.13). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin E research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The tested vitamin E regimen did not prevent major cardiovascular events in these men. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Cardiovascular clinical events experimental_model: Physicians Health Study II randomized factorial trial; 14641 male US physicians aged at least 50 limitations: Mostly primary prevention in male physicians; historical regimen is not nutritional repletion. Primary Methods specify synthetic alpha-tocopherol; no unverified ester identity is attached. exposure: Synthetic alpha-tocopherol 400 IU on alternate days, with factorial vitamin C 500 mg/day; mean follow-up 8 years. cross_nutrient: true [e-clin-phs2008] Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18997197/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2008.600
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards