Component

Apparent indicaxanthin permeability in human Caco-2 monolayers

3 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. Indicaxanthin transport was non-polarized and insensitive to the tested transporter inhibitors; EDTA treatment increased its passage.

    Indicaxanthin → Apparent indicaxanthin permeability in human Caco-2 monolayers source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Dietary-consistent pigment concentrations, exact range not in accessed abstract; pH 6.0/7.4 gradient
    duration
    Time-course assay; exact interval not in accessed abstract
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Human Caco-2 epithelial monolayers on Transwell inserts
    limitations
    Cell permeability is not a human absorption fraction. MRP2-mediated efflux in this paper concerns betanin, not indicaxanthin. Different protocols limit comparison with the 2022 transport paper. A paracellular contribution is supported; no specific transporter is assigned.
    nutrient_topic
    Dedicated indicaxanthin chapter; original betalain family identity and shared claims preserved. · Indicaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 epithelial monolayers on Transwell inserts
    plain_language
    Indicaxanthin transport was non-polarized and insensitive to the tested transporter inhibitors; EDTA treatment increased its passage.
    primary_references
    Trans-epithelial transport of the betalain pigments indicaxanthin and betanin across Caco-2 cell monolayers and influence of food matrix. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22806766/ DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0414-5
    route
    In vitro transepithelial transport
    tissue
    Apical/basolateral compartments

    Indicaxanthin: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 74–83

    Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen additional primary studies, with twenty-six existing claims from eight studies linked unchanged. Study-specific citations and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human Caco-2 epithelial monolayers on Transwell inserts · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## indicaxanthin-caco2-passive-transport Indicaxanthin transport was non-polarized and insensitive to the tested transporter inhibitors; EDTA treatment increased its passage. Model/species: Human Caco-2 epithelial monolayers on Transwell inserts Tissue: Apical/basolateral compartments Exposure: Dietary-consistent pigment concentrations, exact range not in accessed abstract; pH 6.0/7.4 gradient Route: In vitro transepithelial transport Duration: Time-course assay; exact interval not in accessed abstract Limits: Cell permeability is not a human absorption fraction. MRP2-mediated efflux in this paper concerns betanin, not indicaxanthin. Different protocols limit comparison with the 2022 transport paper. A paracellular contribution is supported; no specific transporter is assigned. Primary reference: Trans-epithelial transport of the betalain pigments indicaxanthin and betanin across Caco-2 cell monolayers and influence of food matrix. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22806766/ DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0414-5 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Indicaxanthin showed absorptive apparent permeability of 4.4 +/- 0.4 x 10^-6 cm/s in the 2013 Caco-2 transport experiment.

    Indicaxanthin → Apparent indicaxanthin permeability in human Caco-2 monolayers source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Dietary-consistent pigment concentrations, exact range not in accessed abstract; pH 6.0/7.4 gradient
    duration
    Time-course assay; exact interval not in accessed abstract
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Human Caco-2 epithelial monolayers on Transwell inserts
    limitations
    Cell permeability is not a human absorption fraction. MRP2-mediated efflux in this paper concerns betanin, not indicaxanthin. Different protocols limit comparison with the 2022 transport paper.
    nutrient_topic
    Dedicated indicaxanthin chapter; original betalain family identity and shared claims preserved. · Indicaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 epithelial monolayers on Transwell inserts
    plain_language
    Indicaxanthin showed absorptive apparent permeability of 4.4 +/- 0.4 x 10^-6 cm/s in the 2013 Caco-2 transport experiment.
    primary_references
    Trans-epithelial transport of the betalain pigments indicaxanthin and betanin across Caco-2 cell monolayers and influence of food matrix. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22806766/ DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0414-5
    route
    In vitro transepithelial transport
    tissue
    Apical/basolateral compartments

    Indicaxanthin: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 63–72

    Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen additional primary studies, with twenty-six existing claims from eight studies linked unchanged. Study-specific citations and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human Caco-2 epithelial monolayers on Transwell inserts · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## indicaxanthin-caco2-permeability Indicaxanthin showed absorptive apparent permeability of 4.4 +/- 0.4 x 10^-6 cm/s in the 2013 Caco-2 transport experiment. Model/species: Human Caco-2 epithelial monolayers on Transwell inserts Tissue: Apical/basolateral compartments Exposure: Dietary-consistent pigment concentrations, exact range not in accessed abstract; pH 6.0/7.4 gradient Route: In vitro transepithelial transport Duration: Time-course assay; exact interval not in accessed abstract Limits: Cell permeability is not a human absorption fraction. MRP2-mediated efflux in this paper concerns betanin, not indicaxanthin. Different protocols limit comparison with the 2022 transport paper. Primary reference: Trans-epithelial transport of the betalain pigments indicaxanthin and betanin across Caco-2 cell monolayers and influence of food matrix. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22806766/ DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0414-5 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Indicaxanthin showed low apparent permeability across Caco-2 monolayers; the reported three-pigment range was 4.2-8.9 x 10^-7 cm/s.

    Indicaxanthin → Apparent indicaxanthin permeability in human Caco-2 monolayers source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Betalains 5-80 micromolar
    duration
    Not specified in accessed primary abstract
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract; detailed exposure for PMID 23931157 additionally checked in publisher results. No uninspected full text is claimed.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
    experimental_model
    Human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell model
    limitations
    Low apparent permeability in cultured cells is not a measured human oral bioavailability fraction; findings depend on pigment and assay. The range spans the three compounds; it is not an assigned compound-specific coefficient.
    nutrient_topic
    Betalains collection; each molecular form, species, exposure and preparation remains explicit. · Betalains
    organism
    Human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell model
    plain_language
    Indicaxanthin showed low apparent permeability across Caco-2 monolayers; the reported three-pigment range was 4.2-8.9 x 10^-7 cm/s.
    primary_references
    Uptake and Immunomodulatory Properties of Betanin, Vulgaxanthin I and Indicaxanthin towards Caco-2 Intestinal Cells. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36009345/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081627
    route
    In vitro exposure
    tissue
    Intestinal cells and monolayer transport

    Betalains: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 377–385

    Original AI-assisted curation of twelve primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## betalains-indicaxanthin-transport Indicaxanthin showed low apparent permeability across Caco-2 monolayers; the reported three-pigment range was 4.2-8.9 x 10^-7 cm/s. Model/species: Human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell model Tissue: Intestinal cells and monolayer transport Exposure: Betalains 5-80 micromolar Route: In vitro exposure Duration: Not specified in accessed primary abstract Limits: Low apparent permeability in cultured cells is not a measured human oral bioavailability fraction; findings depend on pigment and assay. The range spans the three compounds; it is not an assigned compound-specific coefficient. Primary reference: Uptake and Immunomodulatory Properties of Betanin, Vulgaxanthin I and Indicaxanthin towards Caco-2 Intestinal Cells. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36009345/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081627
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards