Component

extracellular cysteine

Independent entity for contextual scientific-audit claims; no universal nutritional effect implied.

2 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. Human-GGT-expressing fibroblasts used extracellular GSH as a cysteine source in cysteine-free medium.

    Human gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 / GGT1 → extracellular cysteine source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/glutathione-research/8099811.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "53a6b1a1855863d8fe1d0be289055e7cd6ca39b33e936e82dfed2d7d084c9d5b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 984, "text_sha256": "53a6b1a1855863d8fe1d0be289055e7cd6ca39b33e936e82dfed2d7d084c9d5b"}
    experimental_model
    Human GGT transfection in mouse fibroblasts
    exposure
    Cysteine-free medium supplemented with extracellular GSH
    limitations
    Precursor salvage after extracellular cleavage; not proof of intact oral GSH entry into every tissue.
    nutrient_topic
    Glutathione research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · GSH
    organism
    Human GGT; NIH/3T3 host
    plain_language
    Breaking down glutathione outside a cell can supply building blocks inside.
    primary_references
    [glutathione-p8099811] Extracellular glutathione is a source of cysteine for cells that express gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. (1993). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8099811/ DOI: 10.1021/bi00075a026
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Cell surface and intracellular pools

    Glutathione: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 632–643

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human GGT transfection in mouse fibroblasts · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### glutathione-ggt-cysteine Human-GGT-expressing fibroblasts used extracellular GSH as a cysteine source in cysteine-free medium. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Glutathione research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Breaking down glutathione outside a cell can supply building blocks inside. organism: Human GGT; NIH/3T3 host tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and intracellular pools experimental_model: Human GGT transfection in mouse fibroblasts limitations: Precursor salvage after extracellular cleavage; not proof of intact oral GSH entry into every tissue. exposure: Cysteine-free medium supplemented with extracellular GSH evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glutathione-research/8099811.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "53a6b1a1855863d8fe1d0be289055e7cd6ca39b33e936e82dfed2d7d084c9d5b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 984, "text_sha256": "53a6b1a1855863d8fe1d0be289055e7cd6ca39b33e936e82dfed2d7d084c9d5b"} [glutathione-p8099811] Extracellular glutathione is a source of cysteine for cells that express gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. (1993). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8099811/ DOI: 10.1021/bi00075a026
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Dendritic-cell GSH secretion followed by extracellular cleavage contributes extracellular cysteine in mouse DC/T-cell coculture.

    GSH → extracellular cysteine source_derived_draftliterature_reviewed:direct_experimental
    Experimental context and source evidence
    cell_type
    Dendritic cells and T cells
    experimental_model
    Mouse DC/T-cell cocultures
    limitations
    Distinct from an unproven secreted TrxR1 circuit; not the sole established route in humans.
    organism
    Mus musculus

    Selenium: literature corrections and mechanism additions · lines 1312–1322

    Metabolic Ledger literature curation, 17 September 2026; primary papers linked individually · supports · Mouse DC/T-cell cocultures · secondary_verified · secondary_verified

    ## dc-gsh-cysteine Dendritic cells can supply cysteine by exporting and breaking down glutathione. Dendritic-cell GSH secretion followed by extracellular cleavage contributes extracellular cysteine in mouse DC/T-cell coculture. Organism: Mus musculus Cell type: Dendritic cells and T cells Experimental model: Mouse DC/T-cell cocultures Limitations: Distinct from an unproven secreted TrxR1 circuit; not the sole established route in humans. Primary reference: [Extracellular redox modulation by regulatory T cells](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2760945/)
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards