D-Lactate: molecular mechanisms & dependencies

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

Human evidence only

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

Where it participates (unsigned role)

E. hallii-related and A. caccae isolates consumed lactate and formed butyrate; coculture with starch-utilizing B. adolescentis removed detectable L-lactate and generated butyrate.
L-Lactate → Butyrate source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_access
Primary abstract
experimental_model
Human-fecal isolates and defined cocultures.
limitations
Strain-specific capacity; several other butyrate-producing species did not use lactate.
nutrient_topic
Butyrate collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Butyrate
plain_language
Cooperating bacteria turned lactate from starch fermentation into butyrate.
primary_references
Lactate-utilizing bacteria, isolated from human feces, that produce butyrate as a major fermentation product. · 2004 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15466518/ · DOI 10.1128/AEM.70.10.5810-5817.2004
Butyrate: microbial production, fuel use, signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 62–68
AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human-fecal isolates and defined cocultures. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## butyrate-lactate-crossfeeding Cooperating bacteria turned lactate from starch fermentation into butyrate. E. hallii-related and A. caccae isolates consumed lactate and formed butyrate; coculture with starch-utilizing B. adolescentis removed detectable L-lactate and generated butyrate. Model: Human-fecal isolates and defined cocultures. Limitations: Strain-specific capacity; several other butyrate-producing species did not use lactate. Evidence access: Primary abstract Lactate-utilizing bacteria, isolated from human feces, that produce butyrate as a major fermentation product. · 2004 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15466518/ · DOI 10.1128/AEM.70.10.5810-5817.2004
Complete structured claim and evidence
Human glyoxalase II hydrolyzes S-D-lactoylglutathione to GSH and D-lactate.
Human glyoxalase II / HAGH → S-D-Lactoylglutathione source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/glutathione-research/10508780.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2a3bc96920fd7c09bc46bfbdd6ade9698bb3dd421e0867023dec7679628d04eb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1432, "text_sha256": "2a3bc96920fd7c09bc46bfbdd6ade9698bb3dd421e0867023dec7679628d04eb"}
experimental_model
Crystal structures of free and ligand-bound GLO2
exposure
Thioester hydrolysis and substrate-analogue structure
limitations
The structure contained a binuclear zinc site; metal occupancy in this preparation is not a universal in-vivo metal assignment.
nutrient_topic
Glutathione research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · GSH
organism
Human
plain_language
This clearance route regenerates glutathione instead of permanently consuming it.
primary_references
[glutathione-p10508780] Crystal structure of human glyoxalase II and its complex with a glutathione thiolester substrate analogue. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10508780/ DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(99)80174-9
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified glyoxalase II
Glutathione: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 905–916
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Crystal structures of free and ligand-bound GLO2 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### glutathione-glo2-recycles Human glyoxalase II hydrolyzes S-D-lactoylglutathione to GSH and D-lactate. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Glutathione research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This clearance route regenerates glutathione instead of permanently consuming it. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Purified glyoxalase II experimental_model: Crystal structures of free and ligand-bound GLO2 limitations: The structure contained a binuclear zinc site; metal occupancy in this preparation is not a universal in-vivo metal assignment. exposure: Thioester hydrolysis and substrate-analogue structure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glutathione-research/10508780.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2a3bc96920fd7c09bc46bfbdd6ade9698bb3dd421e0867023dec7679628d04eb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1432, "text_sha256": "2a3bc96920fd7c09bc46bfbdd6ade9698bb3dd421e0867023dec7679628d04eb"} [glutathione-p10508780] Crystal structure of human glyoxalase II and its complex with a glutathione thiolester substrate analogue. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10508780/ DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(99)80174-9
Complete structured claim and evidence

The events it takes part in

A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.

Situations it appears in

Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

Open hypotheses

Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.

This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

D-Lactate