Component

Plasma berberine exposure

Plasma berberine exposure. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

4 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. Antibiotic depletion reduced berberine-to-dihydroberberine conversion and blood berberine in KK-Ay mice.

    Gut bacterial biomass → Plasma berberine exposure source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/26174047.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "17b12fa4d334225782db565c20fc34051522dafd77be442782aa82bd1ef34c9e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1403, "text_sha256": "17b12fa4d334225782db565c20fc34051522dafd77be442782aa82bd1ef34c9e"}
    experimental_model
    Bacterial enzyme, intestinal tissue, absorption and antibiotic-depletion experiments
    exposure
    Oral berberine, dihydroberberine and antibiotic pretreatment
    limitations
    Animal absorption difference is not a human bioavailability multiplier. Nitroreductases are unresolved bacterial enzyme families; no nitrogen-removal or vitamin-depletion mechanism inferred.
    nutrient_topic
    Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine
    organism
    Gut bacteria and rodents including KK-Ay mice
    plain_language
    Removing part of the processing system reduced absorption.
    primary_references
    [berberine-p26174047] Transforming berberine into its intestine-absorbable form by the gut microbiota. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26174047/ DOI: 10.1038/srep12155
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Gut lumen, intestinal tissue and circulation
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 181–192

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Bacterial enzyme, intestinal tissue, absorption and antibiotic-depletion experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### berberine-bacteria-depletion Antibiotic depletion reduced berberine-to-dihydroberberine conversion and blood berberine in KK-Ay mice. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Removing part of the processing system reduced absorption. organism: Gut bacteria and rodents including KK-Ay mice tissue_or_cell_type: Gut lumen, intestinal tissue and circulation experimental_model: Bacterial enzyme, intestinal tissue, absorption and antibiotic-depletion experiments limitations: Animal absorption difference is not a human bioavailability multiplier. Nitroreductases are unresolved bacterial enzyme families; no nitrogen-removal or vitamin-depletion mechanism inferred. exposure: Oral berberine, dihydroberberine and antibiotic pretreatment evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/26174047.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "17b12fa4d334225782db565c20fc34051522dafd77be442782aa82bd1ef34c9e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1403, "text_sha256": "17b12fa4d334225782db565c20fc34051522dafd77be442782aa82bd1ef34c9e"} [berberine-p26174047] Transforming berberine into its intestine-absorbable form by the gut microbiota. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26174047/ DOI: 10.1038/srep12155
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Human fecal nitroreductase activity correlated positively with blood berberine, with reported r=0.703.

    Fecal bacterial nitroreductase activity → Plasma berberine exposure source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/28744326.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d386d585993ca345f94fd99c5fbe0b209f6000fc10852db0a88621c03fc77830", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1247, "text_sha256": "d386d585993ca345f94fd99c5fbe0b209f6000fc10852db0a88621c03fc77830"}
    experimental_model
    Dietary animal experiments and human observational pharmacokinetic comparison
    exposure
    High-fat diet in hamsters; oral berberine in animal and human arms
    limitations
    Human association does not validate fecal nitroreductase as a clinical dosing test. Diet, disease and microbial composition are potential covariates.
    nutrient_topic
    Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine
    organism
    Hamsters, human hyperlipidemia patients and healthy participants
    plain_language
    Microbial processing may help explain why exposure differs between people.
    primary_references
    [berberine-p28744326] Gut Microbiota-Mediated Personalized Treatment of Hyperlipidemia Using Berberine. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28744326/ DOI: 10.7150/thno.18290
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Fecal enzyme activity and blood berberine

    Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 194–205

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dietary animal experiments and human observational pharmacokinetic comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### berberine-nitroreductase-marker Human fecal nitroreductase activity correlated positively with blood berberine, with reported r=0.703. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Microbial processing may help explain why exposure differs between people. organism: Hamsters, human hyperlipidemia patients and healthy participants tissue_or_cell_type: Fecal enzyme activity and blood berberine experimental_model: Dietary animal experiments and human observational pharmacokinetic comparison limitations: Human association does not validate fecal nitroreductase as a clinical dosing test. Diet, disease and microbial composition are potential covariates. exposure: High-fat diet in hamsters; oral berberine in animal and human arms evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/28744326.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d386d585993ca345f94fd99c5fbe0b209f6000fc10852db0a88621c03fc77830", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1247, "text_sha256": "d386d585993ca345f94fd99c5fbe0b209f6000fc10852db0a88621c03fc77830"} [berberine-p28744326] Gut Microbiota-Mediated Personalized Treatment of Hyperlipidemia Using Berberine. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28744326/ DOI: 10.7150/thno.18290
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Poor OCT1 transporters did not show a difference in human berberine pharmacokinetics despite reduced uptake by variant OCT1 in vitro.

    Human organic cation transporter 1 / OCT1 / SLC22A1 → Plasma berberine exposure source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/39488825.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ba324da62a36391435595fd7c4de2a848aae714abd4df063433362e4fdddce33", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1787, "text_sha256": "ba324da62a36391435595fd7c4de2a848aae714abd4df063433362e4fdddce33"}
    experimental_model
    Transporter kinetics, mouse perfusion and human genotype-stratified pharmacokinetics
    exposure
    Oral berberine; OCT1 and CYP2D6 functional variants; sex-stratified analysis
    limitations
    Human OCT1 null finding differs from cellular and mouse findings. Sex-specific CYP2D6 result is not a universal rule for all formulations or a dosing algorithm.
    nutrient_topic
    Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine
    organism
    Human participants and human OCT1; Oct1/2-deficient mice in separate arms
    plain_language
    A cell-transport difference did not translate into a detected blood-level difference.
    primary_references
    [berberine-p39488825] Sex-Dependent Effects of CYP2D6 on the Pharmacokinetics of Berberine in Humans. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39488825/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3454
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Liver transport and systemic exposure

    Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 259–270

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transporter kinetics, mouse perfusion and human genotype-stratified pharmacokinetics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### berberine-oct1-genotype-null Poor OCT1 transporters did not show a difference in human berberine pharmacokinetics despite reduced uptake by variant OCT1 in vitro. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A cell-transport difference did not translate into a detected blood-level difference. organism: Human participants and human OCT1; Oct1/2-deficient mice in separate arms tissue_or_cell_type: Liver transport and systemic exposure experimental_model: Transporter kinetics, mouse perfusion and human genotype-stratified pharmacokinetics limitations: Human OCT1 null finding differs from cellular and mouse findings. Sex-specific CYP2D6 result is not a universal rule for all formulations or a dosing algorithm. exposure: Oral berberine; OCT1 and CYP2D6 functional variants; sex-stratified analysis evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/39488825.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ba324da62a36391435595fd7c4de2a848aae714abd4df063433362e4fdddce33", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1787, "text_sha256": "ba324da62a36391435595fd7c4de2a848aae714abd4df063433362e4fdddce33"} [berberine-p39488825] Sex-Dependent Effects of CYP2D6 on the Pharmacokinetics of Berberine in Humans. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39488825/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3454
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Female participants had 2.8-fold higher berberine AUC and 3.6-fold higher Cmax than males; CYP2D6 explained only part of the difference.

    Berberine → Plasma berberine exposure source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/39488825.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ba324da62a36391435595fd7c4de2a848aae714abd4df063433362e4fdddce33", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1787, "text_sha256": "ba324da62a36391435595fd7c4de2a848aae714abd4df063433362e4fdddce33"}
    experimental_model
    Transporter kinetics, mouse perfusion and human genotype-stratified pharmacokinetics
    exposure
    Oral berberine; OCT1 and CYP2D6 functional variants; sex-stratified analysis
    limitations
    Human OCT1 null finding differs from cellular and mouse findings. Sex-specific CYP2D6 result is not a universal rule for all formulations or a dosing algorithm.
    nutrient_topic
    Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine
    organism
    Human participants and human OCT1; Oct1/2-deficient mice in separate arms
    plain_language
    The same exposure can produce different blood levels across groups.
    primary_references
    [berberine-p39488825] Sex-Dependent Effects of CYP2D6 on the Pharmacokinetics of Berberine in Humans. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39488825/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3454
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Liver transport and systemic exposure

    Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 285–296

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transporter kinetics, mouse perfusion and human genotype-stratified pharmacokinetics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### berberine-sex-exposure Female participants had 2.8-fold higher berberine AUC and 3.6-fold higher Cmax than males; CYP2D6 explained only part of the difference. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The same exposure can produce different blood levels across groups. organism: Human participants and human OCT1; Oct1/2-deficient mice in separate arms tissue_or_cell_type: Liver transport and systemic exposure experimental_model: Transporter kinetics, mouse perfusion and human genotype-stratified pharmacokinetics limitations: Human OCT1 null finding differs from cellular and mouse findings. Sex-specific CYP2D6 result is not a universal rule for all formulations or a dosing algorithm. exposure: Oral berberine; OCT1 and CYP2D6 functional variants; sex-stratified analysis evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/39488825.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ba324da62a36391435595fd7c4de2a848aae714abd4df063433362e4fdddce33", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1787, "text_sha256": "ba324da62a36391435595fd7c4de2a848aae714abd4df063433362e4fdddce33"} [berberine-p39488825] Sex-Dependent Effects of CYP2D6 on the Pharmacokinetics of Berberine in Humans. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39488825/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3454
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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