{"id":"405f95c8-2da5-5a8c-aea8-5891f2fd30dd","stable_key":"7484635e-cc8f-5cd6-a978-6dc5775a7db5:berberine-sex-exposure","predicate":"higher_exposure_in_females","statement":"Female participants had 2.8-fold higher berberine AUC and 3.6-fold higher Cmax than males; CYP2D6 explained only part of the difference.","claim_class":"observational","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"context_dependent","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"ffc804f4-172c-5edb-af2f-95d2c786d3cd","mechanism_event_label":"The same exposure can produce different blood levels across groups.","subject":{"id":"7bbe0633-b2f1-510f-adc0-3c4d0ddad05d","slug":"berberine","display_name":"Berberine","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"object":{"id":"ab144e4b-d924-5686-873d-64c5e16fb13d","slug":"berberine-plasma-exposure","display_name":"Plasma berberine exposure","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"ffc804f4-172c-5edb-af2f-95d2c786d3cd","stable_key":"7484635e-cc8f-5cd6-a978-6dc5775a7db5:berberine-sex-exposure-event","event_type":"observed_intervention","label":"The same exposure can produce different blood levels across groups.","description":"Female participants had 2.8-fold higher berberine AUC and 3.6-fold higher Cmax than males; CYP2D6 explained only part of the difference.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"7bbe0633-b2f1-510f-adc0-3c4d0ddad05d","slug":"berberine","display_name":"Berberine","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"ab144e4b-d924-5686-873d-64c5e16fb13d","slug":"berberine-plasma-exposure","display_name":"Plasma berberine exposure","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_span","value_text":"{\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/berberine-research/39488825.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"ba324da62a36391435595fd7c4de2a848aae714abd4df063433362e4fdddce33\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1787, \"text_sha256\": \"ba324da62a36391435595fd7c4de2a848aae714abd4df063433362e4fdddce33\"}","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Transporter kinetics, mouse perfusion and human genotype-stratified pharmacokinetics","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"exposure","value_text":"Oral berberine; OCT1 and CYP2D6 functional variants; sex-stratified analysis","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Human OCT1 null finding differs from cellular and mouse findings. Sex-specific CYP2D6 result is not a universal rule for all formulations or a dosing algorithm.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"berberine","display_name":"Berberine","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"organism","value_text":"Human participants and human OCT1; Oct1/2-deficient mice in separate arms","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"The same exposure can produce different blood levels across groups.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"[berberine-p39488825] Sex-Dependent Effects of CYP2D6 on the Pharmacokinetics of Berberine in Humans. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39488825/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3454","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"tissue_or_cell_type","value_text":"Liver transport and systemic exposure","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"9ef5387b-d348-5ea4-9bb7-e41889eb1e5e","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 285-296","start_line":285,"end_line":296,"excerpt":"### berberine-sex-exposure\nFemale participants had 2.8-fold higher berberine AUC and 3.6-fold higher Cmax than males; CYP2D6 explained only part of the difference.\nCondition category: normal\nnutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect.\nplain_language: The same exposure can produce different blood levels across groups.\norganism: Human participants and human OCT1; Oct1/2-deficient mice in separate arms\ntissue_or_cell_type: Liver transport and systemic exposure\nexperimental_model: Transporter kinetics, mouse perfusion and human genotype-stratified pharmacokinetics\nlimitations: Human OCT1 null finding differs from cellular and mouse findings. Sex-specific CYP2D6 result is not a universal rule for all formulations or a dosing algorithm.\nexposure: Oral berberine; OCT1 and CYP2D6 functional variants; sex-stratified analysis\nevidence_span: {\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/berberine-research/39488825.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"ba324da62a36391435595fd7c4de2a848aae714abd4df063433362e4fdddce33\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1787, \"text_sha256\": \"ba324da62a36391435595fd7c4de2a848aae714abd4df063433362e4fdddce33\"}\n[berberine-p39488825] Sex-Dependent Effects of CYP2D6 on the Pharmacokinetics of Berberine in Humans. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39488825/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3454","model_system":"Transporter kinetics, mouse perfusion and human genotype-stratified pharmacokinetics","directness":"author_interpretation","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Exact curation-document quotation, not publisher quotation. Study references: [berberine-p39488825] Sex-Dependent Effects of CYP2D6 on the Pharmacokinetics of Berberine in Humans. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39488825/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3454","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"9bb61e1d-e5cf-5b05-a9ca-409291f7a313","stable_key":"import-7484635e-cc8f-5cd6-a978-6dc5775a7db5","title":"Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. 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