Component

Aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of the solid drug

Aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of the solid drug. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

4 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. Of four raw materials of mebendazole examined, three were polymorph C and the other was polymorph A or a mixture of forms A and B, with X-ray powder diffractometry and infrared spectroscopy indicating form B while the much slower powder dissolution suggested polymorph A; the literature prescribes use of polymorph C pharmaceutically, generic manufacturers should be aware that forms other than C are still available on the market, and all four mebendazole tablets then available in South Africa contained polymorph C.

    Mebendazole polymorph A → Aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of the solid drug source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/9876612.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0cb5ad093307edd2cbaee474418c3086cd524c606eaddd1cae7186ed962fd26", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 666, "text_sha256": "c0cb5ad093307edd2cbaee474418c3086cd524c606eaddd1cae7186ed962fd26"}
    experimental_model
    Preformulation analysis of four mebendazole raw materials and four marketed tablets
    exposure
    X-ray powder diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy and powder dissolution
    limitations
    A small survey in one country at one time. It also shows the analytical methods disagreeing with each other on one sample, which is recorded.
    nutrient_topic
    Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. · Mebendazole
    organism
    Pharmaceutical product
    plain_language
    The inactive form is still sold as raw material, and the tests used to tell the forms apart do not always agree.
    primary_references
    [mbz-p9876612] Identification of the mebendazole polymorphic form present in raw materials and tablets available in South Africa. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9876612/ DOI: 10.3109/03639049809085647
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Raw material and tablets

    Mebendazole: the tubulin it binds, why that is selective, the crystal form that decides whether any of it works, and the off-target that became an oncology programme (2026-09-22) · lines 394–405

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Preformulation analysis of four mebendazole raw materials and four marketed tablets · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mbz-wrong-form-reaches-market Of four raw materials of mebendazole examined, three were polymorph C and the other was polymorph A or a mixture of forms A and B, with X-ray powder diffractometry and infrared spectroscopy indicating form B while the much slower powder dissolution suggested polymorph A; the literature prescribes use of polymorph C pharmaceutically, generic manufacturers should be aware that forms other than C are still available on the market, and all four mebendazole tablets then available in South Africa contained polymorph C. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. plain_language: The inactive form is still sold as raw material, and the tests used to tell the forms apart do not always agree. organism: Pharmaceutical product tissue_or_cell_type: Raw material and tablets experimental_model: Preformulation analysis of four mebendazole raw materials and four marketed tablets limitations: A small survey in one country at one time. It also shows the analytical methods disagreeing with each other on one sample, which is recorded. exposure: X-ray powder diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy and powder dissolution evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/9876612.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0cb5ad093307edd2cbaee474418c3086cd524c606eaddd1cae7186ed962fd26", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 666, "text_sha256": "c0cb5ad093307edd2cbaee474418c3086cd524c606eaddd1cae7186ed962fd26"} [mbz-p9876612] Identification of the mebendazole polymorphic form present in raw materials and tablets available in South Africa. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9876612/ DOI: 10.3109/03639049809085647
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Following intravenous administration of a 1.7 microgram tracer dose of tritiated mebendazole to a man an elimination half-life of 1.16 hours was observed with a volume of distribution of 2.03 litres per kilogram, after oral administration of the same dose the elimination half-life was 0.74 hours, and the bioavailability of mebendazole from the solution was found to be 17%.

    Mebendazole → Oral bioavailability source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/7126419.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7b69c414a01f82e177ec37b4f362337caf7327e294a13c97d299e9a7ae80a456", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 381, "text_sha256": "7b69c414a01f82e177ec37b4f362337caf7327e294a13c97d299e9a7ae80a456"}
    experimental_model
    Tracer study of tritiated mebendazole given intravenously and orally to one man
    exposure
    A 1.7 microgram tracer dose by each route
    limitations
    A single subject and a tracer dose far below any therapeutic amount, so the bioavailability figure is a lower bound on the problem rather than a population value.
    nutrient_topic
    Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. · Mebendazole
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    Swallowed, roughly one sixth of the drug reaches the bloodstream.
    primary_references
    [mbz-p7126419] The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of mebendazole in man: a pilot study using [3H]-mebendazole. (1982). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7126419/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb02008.x
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Whole body

    Mebendazole: the tubulin it binds, why that is selective, the crystal form that decides whether any of it works, and the off-target that became an oncology programme (2026-09-22) · lines 407–418

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Tracer study of tritiated mebendazole given intravenously and orally to one man · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mbz-bioavailability-17-percent Following intravenous administration of a 1.7 microgram tracer dose of tritiated mebendazole to a man an elimination half-life of 1.16 hours was observed with a volume of distribution of 2.03 litres per kilogram, after oral administration of the same dose the elimination half-life was 0.74 hours, and the bioavailability of mebendazole from the solution was found to be 17%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. plain_language: Swallowed, roughly one sixth of the drug reaches the bloodstream. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body experimental_model: Tracer study of tritiated mebendazole given intravenously and orally to one man limitations: A single subject and a tracer dose far below any therapeutic amount, so the bioavailability figure is a lower bound on the problem rather than a population value. exposure: A 1.7 microgram tracer dose by each route evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/7126419.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7b69c414a01f82e177ec37b4f362337caf7327e294a13c97d299e9a7ae80a456", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 381, "text_sha256": "7b69c414a01f82e177ec37b4f362337caf7327e294a13c97d299e9a7ae80a456"} [mbz-p7126419] The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of mebendazole in man: a pilot study using [3H]-mebendazole. (1982). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7126419/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb02008.x
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. In an accelerated stability study, form C was converted to the thermodynamically stable and least soluble form A with increased temperature and moisture, the transformation was significantly increased at constant temperature and humidity when trace amounts of form A were already present, four of the seven products tested contained trace amounts of form A, in some tablets transformation was so quick that it reduced shelf life to less than one month, and tablet dissolution of those products was reduced to the extent that it did not comply with USP and FDA specifications.

    Mebendazole polymorph C → Mebendazole polymorph A source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/19691117.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6005cbf9afb4151467910164f873d0956382c3bcc10cac8514326385b32e32b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1296, "text_sha256": "6005cbf9afb4151467910164f873d0956382c3bcc10cac8514326385b32e32b1"}
    experimental_model
    Accelerated stability study of mebendazole tablets under ICH storage conditions
    exposure
    Storage at 30 degrees with 65% relative humidity and at 40 degrees with 75% relative humidity
    limitations
    Solid-state kinetics on marketed products, modelled with the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Erofeyev-Kolmogorov equation. It measures dissolution rather than patient outcome.
    nutrient_topic
    Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. · Mebendazole
    organism
    Pharmaceutical product
    plain_language
    The working form of the drug turns into the useless form on the shelf, faster if a trace of the useless form is already there.
    primary_references
    [mbz-p19691117] Characterization of polymorph transformations that decrease the stability of tablets containing the WHO essential drug mebendazole. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19691117/ DOI: 10.1002/jps.21899
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Tablets

    Mebendazole: the tubulin it binds, why that is selective, the crystal form that decides whether any of it works, and the off-target that became an oncology programme (2026-09-22) · lines 381–392

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Accelerated stability study of mebendazole tablets under ICH storage conditions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mbz-crystal-form-sets-solubility In an accelerated stability study, form C was converted to the thermodynamically stable and least soluble form A with increased temperature and moisture, the transformation was significantly increased at constant temperature and humidity when trace amounts of form A were already present, four of the seven products tested contained trace amounts of form A, in some tablets transformation was so quick that it reduced shelf life to less than one month, and tablet dissolution of those products was reduced to the extent that it did not comply with USP and FDA specifications. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. plain_language: The working form of the drug turns into the useless form on the shelf, faster if a trace of the useless form is already there. organism: Pharmaceutical product tissue_or_cell_type: Tablets experimental_model: Accelerated stability study of mebendazole tablets under ICH storage conditions limitations: Solid-state kinetics on marketed products, modelled with the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Erofeyev-Kolmogorov equation. It measures dissolution rather than patient outcome. exposure: Storage at 30 degrees with 65% relative humidity and at 40 degrees with 75% relative humidity evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/19691117.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6005cbf9afb4151467910164f873d0956382c3bcc10cac8514326385b32e32b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1296, "text_sha256": "6005cbf9afb4151467910164f873d0956382c3bcc10cac8514326385b32e32b1"} [mbz-p19691117] Characterization of polymorph transformations that decrease the stability of tablets containing the WHO essential drug mebendazole. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19691117/ DOI: 10.1002/jps.21899
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Absorption of oral flubendazole in man was markedly enhanced when the drug was taken together with a meal, but a twenty times higher dose produced only an increase by a factor of 1.4 in plasma levels and area under the curve, indicating that absorption is limited by the extremely poor solubility of the drug in the contents of the gastrointestinal tract; in rats plasma levels of oral and subcutaneous mebendazole were about ten times higher than those of flubendazole.

    Flubendazole → Oral bioavailability source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/7103610.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e582dcb4657e254dfe61d437d899b2db4d2a4628aa1267fb90de6366b7b4c8f0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 948, "text_sha256": "e582dcb4657e254dfe61d437d899b2db4d2a4628aa1267fb90de6366b7b4c8f0"}
    experimental_model
    Radioimmunoassay of mebendazole and flubendazole across rats, dogs and man
    exposure
    Oral, subcutaneous and intramuscular dosing, and a twentyfold oral dose escalation of flubendazole in man
    limitations
    The dose-escalation arm is about flubendazole rather than mebendazole, and is recorded under flubendazole; it is retained because it demonstrates the solubility limit that governs this whole class.
    nutrient_topic
    Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. · Mebendazole
    organism
    Rat, dog and human
    plain_language
    Twenty times the dose gave less than half again as much in the blood, because it simply will not dissolve.
    primary_references
    [mbz-p7103610] The pharmacokinetics of mebendazole and flubendazole in animals and man. (1982). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7103610/
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Plasma

    Mebendazole: the tubulin it binds, why that is selective, the crystal form that decides whether any of it works, and the off-target that became an oncology programme (2026-09-22) · lines 459–470

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Radioimmunoassay of mebendazole and flubendazole across rats, dogs and man · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### mbz-dose-escalation-fails Absorption of oral flubendazole in man was markedly enhanced when the drug was taken together with a meal, but a twenty times higher dose produced only an increase by a factor of 1.4 in plasma levels and area under the curve, indicating that absorption is limited by the extremely poor solubility of the drug in the contents of the gastrointestinal tract; in rats plasma levels of oral and subcutaneous mebendazole were about ten times higher than those of flubendazole. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms. plain_language: Twenty times the dose gave less than half again as much in the blood, because it simply will not dissolve. organism: Rat, dog and human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma experimental_model: Radioimmunoassay of mebendazole and flubendazole across rats, dogs and man limitations: The dose-escalation arm is about flubendazole rather than mebendazole, and is recorded under flubendazole; it is retained because it demonstrates the solubility limit that governs this whole class. exposure: Oral, subcutaneous and intramuscular dosing, and a twentyfold oral dose escalation of flubendazole in man evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mebendazole-research/7103610.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e582dcb4657e254dfe61d437d899b2db4d2a4628aa1267fb90de6366b7b4c8f0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 948, "text_sha256": "e582dcb4657e254dfe61d437d899b2db4d2a4628aa1267fb90de6366b7b4c8f0"} [mbz-p7103610] The pharmacokinetics of mebendazole and flubendazole in animals and man. (1982). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7103610/
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

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