Component

Complement-activating antitumour monoclonal antibodies

Complement-activating antitumour monoclonal antibodies. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

4 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. In comparison with antitumour monoclonal antibody or beta-glucan alone, combined treatment produced significantly greater tumour regression in all five models, tumour-free survival only occurred in models that incorporated stable expression of the target antigen, beta-glucan enhancement of the monoclonal antibody tumoricidal response did not occur in mice deficient in either leukocyte CR3 or serum C3 confirming the requirement for CR3 on leukocytes and iC3b on tumours, and granulocytes appeared to be primarily responsible for tumoricidal activity because beta-glucan therapeutic responses did not occur in granulocyte-depleted mice.

    Beta-glucan → Complement-activating antitumour monoclonal antibodies source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/14695221.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "810d6af738d83f5bd304be109db27808437a1f7fb7398253366d88d0b258ccc5", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1827, "text_sha256": "810d6af738d83f5bd304be109db27808437a1f7fb7398253366d88d0b258ccc5"}
    experimental_model
    Five mouse tumour models with antitumour monoclonal antibody, in CR3-deficient, C3-deficient and granulocyte-depleted animals
    exposure
    Intravenous beta-glucan combined with antitumour monoclonal antibodies in BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice
    limitations
    Five models with genetic and depletion controls, which is what makes the requirement claim strong. Tumour-free survival occurred only where the target antigen was stably expressed.
    nutrient_topic
    Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan
    organism
    Mouse
    plain_language
    Take away the complement protein, the receptor, or the granulocytes, and the effect disappears entirely.
    primary_references
    [bg-p14695221] Beta-glucan functions as an adjuvant for monoclonal antibody immunotherapy by recruiting tumoricidal granulocytes as killer cells. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14695221/
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Mammary, subcutaneous and hepatic tumours
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 229–240

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Five mouse tumour models with antitumour monoclonal antibody, in CR3-deficient, C3-deficient and granulocyte-depleted animals · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### bg-needs-cr3-c3-and-granulocytes In comparison with antitumour monoclonal antibody or beta-glucan alone, combined treatment produced significantly greater tumour regression in all five models, tumour-free survival only occurred in models that incorporated stable expression of the target antigen, beta-glucan enhancement of the monoclonal antibody tumoricidal response did not occur in mice deficient in either leukocyte CR3 or serum C3 confirming the requirement for CR3 on leukocytes and iC3b on tumours, and granulocytes appeared to be primarily responsible for tumoricidal activity because beta-glucan therapeutic responses did not occur in granulocyte-depleted mice. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: Take away the complement protein, the receptor, or the granulocytes, and the effect disappears entirely. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Mammary, subcutaneous and hepatic tumours experimental_model: Five mouse tumour models with antitumour monoclonal antibody, in CR3-deficient, C3-deficient and granulocyte-depleted animals limitations: Five models with genetic and depletion controls, which is what makes the requirement claim strong. Tumour-free survival occurred only where the target antigen was stably expressed. exposure: Intravenous beta-glucan combined with antitumour monoclonal antibodies in BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/14695221.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "810d6af738d83f5bd304be109db27808437a1f7fb7398253366d88d0b258ccc5", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1827, "text_sha256": "810d6af738d83f5bd304be109db27808437a1f7fb7398253366d88d0b258ccc5"} [bg-p14695221] Beta-glucan functions as an adjuvant for monoclonal antibody immunotherapy by recruiting tumoricidal granulocytes as killer cells. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14695221/
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Recent data indicated that barley beta-1,3;1,4-glucan given orally potentiated the activity of antitumour monoclonal antibody leading to enhanced tumour regression and survival, and this investigation showed that orally administered yeast beta-1,3;1,6-glucan functioned similarly to barley beta-1,3;1,4-glucan with antitumour monoclonal antibody, with both oral beta-1,3-glucans a requirement for iC3b on tumours and CR3 on granulocytes being confirmed by demonstrating therapeutic failures in mice deficient in C3 or CR3.

    Barley mixed-linkage beta-(1->3)/(1->4)-glucan → Yeast beta-(1->3)/(1->6)-glucan source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/15240666.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "eaff7297fa40df19ef82e5e1de433ec0cf34590a7e3fda6aa6061e0922666781", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1454, "text_sha256": "eaff7297fa40df19ef82e5e1de433ec0cf34590a7e3fda6aa6061e0922666781"}
    experimental_model
    Fluorescein-labelled oral glucans tracked through macrophages to marrow, with therapy in C3-deficient and CR3-deficient mice
    exposure
    Orally administered barley beta-1,3;1,4-glucan and orally administered yeast beta-1,3;1,6-glucan, each with antitumour monoclonal antibody
    limitations
    The single experiment in this collection that tested a cereal mixed-linkage glucan and a yeast branched glucan side by side in the same protocol. It is a mouse tumour model, and oral uptake in mice does not establish the same uptake in people.
    nutrient_topic
    Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan
    organism
    Mouse
    plain_language
    A cereal glucan and a yeast glucan did the same job by the same route, which is the result that refuses to let the two be filed apart.
    primary_references
    [bg-p15240666] Mechanism by which orally administered beta-1,3-glucans enhance the tumoricidal activity of antitumor monoclonal antibodies in murine tumor models. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15240666/ DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.797
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Gut, spleen, lymph node, bone marrow and tumour
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 242–253

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Fluorescein-labelled oral glucans tracked through macrophages to marrow, with therapy in C3-deficient and CR3-deficient mice · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### bg-barley-and-yeast-converge Recent data indicated that barley beta-1,3;1,4-glucan given orally potentiated the activity of antitumour monoclonal antibody leading to enhanced tumour regression and survival, and this investigation showed that orally administered yeast beta-1,3;1,6-glucan functioned similarly to barley beta-1,3;1,4-glucan with antitumour monoclonal antibody, with both oral beta-1,3-glucans a requirement for iC3b on tumours and CR3 on granulocytes being confirmed by demonstrating therapeutic failures in mice deficient in C3 or CR3. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: A cereal glucan and a yeast glucan did the same job by the same route, which is the result that refuses to let the two be filed apart. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Gut, spleen, lymph node, bone marrow and tumour experimental_model: Fluorescein-labelled oral glucans tracked through macrophages to marrow, with therapy in C3-deficient and CR3-deficient mice limitations: The single experiment in this collection that tested a cereal mixed-linkage glucan and a yeast branched glucan side by side in the same protocol. It is a mouse tumour model, and oral uptake in mice does not establish the same uptake in people. exposure: Orally administered barley beta-1,3;1,4-glucan and orally administered yeast beta-1,3;1,6-glucan, each with antitumour monoclonal antibody evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/15240666.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "eaff7297fa40df19ef82e5e1de433ec0cf34590a7e3fda6aa6061e0922666781", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1454, "text_sha256": "eaff7297fa40df19ef82e5e1de433ec0cf34590a7e3fda6aa6061e0922666781"} [bg-p15240666] Mechanism by which orally administered beta-1,3-glucans enhance the tumoricidal activity of antitumor monoclonal antibodies in murine tumor models. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15240666/ DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.797
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Objective response rate based on blinded central radiology review was higher in the BTH1677 arm versus control but the difference between groups was not statistically significant at 60.4% versus 43.5% with P = .2096, all other clinical endpoints also favoured the BTH1677 arm but none statistically differed between arms, and although a higher incidence of Grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred in the BTH1677 versus control arm at 93.2% versus 66.7% no unexpected adverse events were observed while serious adverse events and discontinuations due to adverse events were lower.

    Imprime PGG / BTH1677, a soluble yeast beta-(1->3)/(1->6)-glucan → Objective tumour response rate source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/29486797.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7e4ff586490d7fdbefa5e817f7ee8b59c72e666bfb473620331f2fb178f46789", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2024, "text_sha256": "7e4ff586490d7fdbefa5e817f7ee8b59c72e666bfb473620331f2fb178f46789"}
    experimental_model
    Randomised controlled phase II trial with blinded central radiology review as the primary read
    exposure
    BTH1677 4 milligrams per kilogram weekly with bevacizumab, carboplatin and paclitaxel against the same backbone alone
    limitations
    Ninety-two patients randomised 61 to 31, with response read centrally. A higher rate of grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred on the glucan arm.
    nutrient_topic
    Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    A second trial pointed the same way on every measure and reached statistical significance on none of them.
    primary_references
    [bg-p29486797] A randomized, controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of BTH1677 in combination with bevacizumab, carboplatin, and paclitaxel in first-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29486797/ DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0324-z
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer

    Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 320–331

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised controlled phase II trial with blinded central radiology review as the primary read · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### bg-second-trial-not-significant Objective response rate based on blinded central radiology review was higher in the BTH1677 arm versus control but the difference between groups was not statistically significant at 60.4% versus 43.5% with P = .2096, all other clinical endpoints also favoured the BTH1677 arm but none statistically differed between arms, and although a higher incidence of Grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred in the BTH1677 versus control arm at 93.2% versus 66.7% no unexpected adverse events were observed while serious adverse events and discontinuations due to adverse events were lower. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: A second trial pointed the same way on every measure and reached statistical significance on none of them. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer experimental_model: Randomised controlled phase II trial with blinded central radiology review as the primary read limitations: Ninety-two patients randomised 61 to 31, with response read centrally. A higher rate of grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred on the glucan arm. exposure: BTH1677 4 milligrams per kilogram weekly with bevacizumab, carboplatin and paclitaxel against the same backbone alone evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/29486797.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7e4ff586490d7fdbefa5e817f7ee8b59c72e666bfb473620331f2fb178f46789", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2024, "text_sha256": "7e4ff586490d7fdbefa5e817f7ee8b59c72e666bfb473620331f2fb178f46789"} [bg-p29486797] A randomized, controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of BTH1677 in combination with bevacizumab, carboplatin, and paclitaxel in first-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29486797/ DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0324-z
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Compared to control treatment the addition of BTH1677 numerically increased objective response rate by both investigator review at 47.8% versus 23.1% with p=0.0468 and central review at 36.6% versus 23.1% with p=0.2895, no other endpoints differed between arms, BTH1677 was well tolerated with adverse events expected of the backbone therapy predominating, and biomarker-positive patients displayed better objective response rate and overall survival than negative patients.

    Imprime PGG / BTH1677, a soluble yeast beta-(1->3)/(1->6)-glucan → Objective tumour response rate source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/28303530.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1647608a80fde3f663b90783006859ae85ed15bc718a8d9031ba5acdb586eb7b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2002, "text_sha256": "1647608a80fde3f663b90783006859ae85ed15bc718a8d9031ba5acdb586eb7b"}
    experimental_model
    Randomised open-label multicentre phase II trial with both investigator and blinded central radiology review
    exposure
    BTH1677 4 milligrams per kilogram weekly with cetuximab, carboplatin and paclitaxel against the same backbone alone, randomised 2 to 1
    limitations
    Ninety patients, open-label, with the primary response endpoint read twice. The two reads disagree, which is the finding.
    nutrient_topic
    Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    The doctors running the trial saw twice the response rate; the blinded reviewers saw a smaller difference that could have been chance.
    primary_references
    [bg-p28303530] A randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase II study evaluating the efficacy and safety of BTH1677 (1,3-1,6 beta glucan; Imprime PGG) in combination with cetuximab and chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28303530/ DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0450-3
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Advanced non-small cell lung cancer

    Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 307–318

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised open-label multicentre phase II trial with both investigator and blinded central radiology review · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### bg-the-two-reads-disagree Compared to control treatment the addition of BTH1677 numerically increased objective response rate by both investigator review at 47.8% versus 23.1% with p=0.0468 and central review at 36.6% versus 23.1% with p=0.2895, no other endpoints differed between arms, BTH1677 was well tolerated with adverse events expected of the backbone therapy predominating, and biomarker-positive patients displayed better objective response rate and overall survival than negative patients. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: The doctors running the trial saw twice the response rate; the blinded reviewers saw a smaller difference that could have been chance. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Advanced non-small cell lung cancer experimental_model: Randomised open-label multicentre phase II trial with both investigator and blinded central radiology review limitations: Ninety patients, open-label, with the primary response endpoint read twice. The two reads disagree, which is the finding. exposure: BTH1677 4 milligrams per kilogram weekly with cetuximab, carboplatin and paclitaxel against the same backbone alone, randomised 2 to 1 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/28303530.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1647608a80fde3f663b90783006859ae85ed15bc718a8d9031ba5acdb586eb7b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2002, "text_sha256": "1647608a80fde3f663b90783006859ae85ed15bc718a8d9031ba5acdb586eb7b"} [bg-p28303530] A randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase II study evaluating the efficacy and safety of BTH1677 (1,3-1,6 beta glucan; Imprime PGG) in combination with cetuximab and chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28303530/ DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0450-3
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

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