Component

Naturally occurring anti-beta-glucan IgG antibodies

Naturally occurring anti-beta-glucan IgG antibodies. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

4 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. At the end of infusion free serum antibody levels decreased, circulating immune complex levels increased and complement activation was observed, at approximately 1 to 4 hours after end of infusion increased expression of cytokines and chemokines, a 1.5 to 4-fold increase in neutrophil and monocyte counts and a broad activation of innate immune genes were observed, low-antibody subjects with levels below 20 micrograms per millilitre typically showed minimal changes except when their levels rose above 20 micrograms per millilitre after repeated dosing, mild-to-moderate infusion-related reactions occurred in subjects with antibody at or above 20 micrograms per millilitre, and premedications alleviated some of the infusion-related reactions but also inhibited cytokine responses.

    Naturally occurring anti-beta-glucan IgG antibodies → Imprime PGG / BTH1677, a soluble yeast beta-(1->3)/(1->6)-glucan source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/30988115.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bd9bd1b314472b30b2e3513ecb5e048178de145217473fa87379e0977d21f90d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1787, "text_sha256": "bd9bd1b314472b30b2e3513ecb5e048178de145217473fa87379e0977d21f90d"}
    experimental_model
    Single and multiple intravenous infusions in healthy volunteers stratified by pre-treatment antibody level, with and without premedication
    exposure
    Imprime PGG 4 milligrams per kilogram intravenously, with antihistamine and corticosteroid premedication in some subjects
    limitations
    Healthy volunteers and pharmacodynamic endpoints only. Nothing here measures a tumour outcome, so the antibody strata are not validated treatment-selection thresholds.
    nutrient_topic
    Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    Below a certain antibody level almost nothing happened; above it, the drug worked and also caused the infusion reactions.
    primary_references
    [bg-p30988115] Immune Pharmacodynamic Responses of the Novel Cancer Immunotherapeutic Imprime PGG in Healthy Volunteers. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30988115/ DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801533
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Peripheral blood
    trigger_kind
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 281–292

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single and multiple intravenous infusions in healthy volunteers stratified by pre-treatment antibody level, with and without premedication · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### bg-antibody-level-gates-the-response At the end of infusion free serum antibody levels decreased, circulating immune complex levels increased and complement activation was observed, at approximately 1 to 4 hours after end of infusion increased expression of cytokines and chemokines, a 1.5 to 4-fold increase in neutrophil and monocyte counts and a broad activation of innate immune genes were observed, low-antibody subjects with levels below 20 micrograms per millilitre typically showed minimal changes except when their levels rose above 20 micrograms per millilitre after repeated dosing, mild-to-moderate infusion-related reactions occurred in subjects with antibody at or above 20 micrograms per millilitre, and premedications alleviated some of the infusion-related reactions but also inhibited cytokine responses. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: Below a certain antibody level almost nothing happened; above it, the drug worked and also caused the infusion reactions. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Peripheral blood experimental_model: Single and multiple intravenous infusions in healthy volunteers stratified by pre-treatment antibody level, with and without premedication limitations: Healthy volunteers and pharmacodynamic endpoints only. Nothing here measures a tumour outcome, so the antibody strata are not validated treatment-selection thresholds. exposure: Imprime PGG 4 milligrams per kilogram intravenously, with antihistamine and corticosteroid premedication in some subjects evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/30988115.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bd9bd1b314472b30b2e3513ecb5e048178de145217473fa87379e0977d21f90d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1787, "text_sha256": "bd9bd1b314472b30b2e3513ecb5e048178de145217473fa87379e0977d21f90d"} [bg-p30988115] Immune Pharmacodynamic Responses of the Novel Cancer Immunotherapeutic Imprime PGG in Healthy Volunteers. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30988115/ DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801533
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Imprime-induced anti-cancer functionality is dependent on immune complex formation with naturally-occurring anti-beta glucan antibodies, the formation of Imprime-antibody complexes activates complement primarily via the classical complement pathway and is opsonised by iC3b, immune complex binding depends upon Complement Receptor 3 and Fc gamma Receptor IIa eliciting phenotypic activation of and enhanced chemokine production by neutrophils and monocytes enabling these effector cells to kill antibody-opsonized tumour cells, and importantly these innate immune cell changes were not evident in subjects with low antibody levels but could be rescued with exogenous antibody supplementation.

    Naturally occurring anti-beta-glucan IgG antibodies → Imprime PGG / BTH1677, a soluble yeast beta-(1->3)/(1->6)-glucan source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/27812183.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "949fc5939bec2e3fab259b6b6161fba8cdd7779c7efa0261a1e7dbf1cab111cf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1493, "text_sha256": "949fc5939bec2e3fab259b6b6161fba8cdd7779c7efa0261a1e7dbf1cab111cf"}
    experimental_model
    Whole blood from healthy human subjects with antibody-depleted and antibody-supplemented conditions
    exposure
    Imprime PGG in whole blood across a range of naturally occurring anti-beta-glucan antibody levels
    limitations
    Ex vivo whole blood rather than treated patients. The antibody dependence is demonstrated both by absence in low-antibody donors and by rescue with added antibody.
    nutrient_topic
    Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    This soluble glucan does nothing on its own; it has to be caught by an antibody the person already had.
    primary_references
    [bg-p27812183] Imprime PGG-Mediated Anti-Cancer Immune Activation Requires Immune Complex Formation. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27812183/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165909
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Whole blood, neutrophil and monocyte

    Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 268–279

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Whole blood from healthy human subjects with antibody-depleted and antibody-supplemented conditions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### bg-imprime-needs-an-antibody-first Imprime-induced anti-cancer functionality is dependent on immune complex formation with naturally-occurring anti-beta glucan antibodies, the formation of Imprime-antibody complexes activates complement primarily via the classical complement pathway and is opsonised by iC3b, immune complex binding depends upon Complement Receptor 3 and Fc gamma Receptor IIa eliciting phenotypic activation of and enhanced chemokine production by neutrophils and monocytes enabling these effector cells to kill antibody-opsonized tumour cells, and importantly these innate immune cell changes were not evident in subjects with low antibody levels but could be rescued with exogenous antibody supplementation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: This soluble glucan does nothing on its own; it has to be caught by an antibody the person already had. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole blood, neutrophil and monocyte experimental_model: Whole blood from healthy human subjects with antibody-depleted and antibody-supplemented conditions limitations: Ex vivo whole blood rather than treated patients. The antibody dependence is demonstrated both by absence in low-antibody donors and by rescue with added antibody. exposure: Imprime PGG in whole blood across a range of naturally occurring anti-beta-glucan antibody levels evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/27812183.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "949fc5939bec2e3fab259b6b6161fba8cdd7779c7efa0261a1e7dbf1cab111cf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1493, "text_sha256": "949fc5939bec2e3fab259b6b6161fba8cdd7779c7efa0261a1e7dbf1cab111cf"} [bg-p27812183] Imprime PGG-Mediated Anti-Cancer Immune Activation Requires Immune Complex Formation. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27812183/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165909
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. In two single-patient studies, one in a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer who received BTH1677 combined with the tumour targeting antibody cetuximab and a second in a patient with metastatic neuroendocrine tumour who received BTH1677 combined with the immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab, the patients had low serum titres of antibodies against beta-glucan and low innate immune effector functionality induced by BTH1677, and addition of intravenous immunoglobulins restored innate immune activity of BTH1677 and induced clinically meaningful anti-tumoural activity with long-term disease control.

    Intravenous immunoglobulin → Imprime PGG / BTH1677, a soluble yeast beta-(1->3)/(1->6)-glucan source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/32132045.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7dea757c889af10839a38a317d704760e7e15798bc15a5da3a1323ec4143cf42", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1102, "text_sha256": "7dea757c889af10839a38a317d704760e7e15798bc15a5da3a1323ec4143cf42"}
    experimental_model
    Two single-patient reports of immunoglobulin infusion in patients with low anti-glucan antibody
    exposure
    BTH1677 with cetuximab or with pembrolizumab, plus intravenous immunoglobulin
    limitations
    Two patients. This is an anecdotal test of a mechanism, not evidence of treatment benefit, and no control condition exists for the tumour outcome.
    nutrient_topic
    Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    Two patients who lacked the antibody were given antibody, and the drug started working.
    primary_references
    [bg-p32132045] Immunoglobulin Restores Immune Responses to BTH1677 in Patients With Low Levels of Antibodies to Beta-glucan. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32132045/ DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.14090
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Peripheral blood and tumour
    trigger_kind
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 294–305

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two single-patient reports of immunoglobulin infusion in patients with low anti-glucan antibody · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### bg-adding-antibody-restores-it In two single-patient studies, one in a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer who received BTH1677 combined with the tumour targeting antibody cetuximab and a second in a patient with metastatic neuroendocrine tumour who received BTH1677 combined with the immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab, the patients had low serum titres of antibodies against beta-glucan and low innate immune effector functionality induced by BTH1677, and addition of intravenous immunoglobulins restored innate immune activity of BTH1677 and induced clinically meaningful anti-tumoural activity with long-term disease control. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: Two patients who lacked the antibody were given antibody, and the drug started working. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Peripheral blood and tumour experimental_model: Two single-patient reports of immunoglobulin infusion in patients with low anti-glucan antibody limitations: Two patients. This is an anecdotal test of a mechanism, not evidence of treatment benefit, and no control condition exists for the tumour outcome. exposure: BTH1677 with cetuximab or with pembrolizumab, plus intravenous immunoglobulin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/32132045.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7dea757c889af10839a38a317d704760e7e15798bc15a5da3a1323ec4143cf42", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1102, "text_sha256": "7dea757c889af10839a38a317d704760e7e15798bc15a5da3a1323ec4143cf42"} [bg-p32132045] Immunoglobulin Restores Immune Responses to BTH1677 in Patients With Low Levels of Antibodies to Beta-glucan. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32132045/ DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.14090
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Compared to control treatment the addition of BTH1677 numerically increased objective response rate by both investigator review at 47.8% versus 23.1% with p=0.0468 and central review at 36.6% versus 23.1% with p=0.2895, no other endpoints differed between arms, BTH1677 was well tolerated with adverse events expected of the backbone therapy predominating, and biomarker-positive patients displayed better objective response rate and overall survival than negative patients.

    Imprime PGG / BTH1677, a soluble yeast beta-(1->3)/(1->6)-glucan → Objective tumour response rate source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/28303530.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1647608a80fde3f663b90783006859ae85ed15bc718a8d9031ba5acdb586eb7b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2002, "text_sha256": "1647608a80fde3f663b90783006859ae85ed15bc718a8d9031ba5acdb586eb7b"}
    experimental_model
    Randomised open-label multicentre phase II trial with both investigator and blinded central radiology review
    exposure
    BTH1677 4 milligrams per kilogram weekly with cetuximab, carboplatin and paclitaxel against the same backbone alone, randomised 2 to 1
    limitations
    Ninety patients, open-label, with the primary response endpoint read twice. The two reads disagree, which is the finding.
    nutrient_topic
    Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    The doctors running the trial saw twice the response rate; the blinded reviewers saw a smaller difference that could have been chance.
    primary_references
    [bg-p28303530] A randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase II study evaluating the efficacy and safety of BTH1677 (1,3-1,6 beta glucan; Imprime PGG) in combination with cetuximab and chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28303530/ DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0450-3
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Advanced non-small cell lung cancer

    Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 307–318

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomised open-label multicentre phase II trial with both investigator and blinded central radiology review · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### bg-the-two-reads-disagree Compared to control treatment the addition of BTH1677 numerically increased objective response rate by both investigator review at 47.8% versus 23.1% with p=0.0468 and central review at 36.6% versus 23.1% with p=0.2895, no other endpoints differed between arms, BTH1677 was well tolerated with adverse events expected of the backbone therapy predominating, and biomarker-positive patients displayed better objective response rate and overall survival than negative patients. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: The doctors running the trial saw twice the response rate; the blinded reviewers saw a smaller difference that could have been chance. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Advanced non-small cell lung cancer experimental_model: Randomised open-label multicentre phase II trial with both investigator and blinded central radiology review limitations: Ninety patients, open-label, with the primary response endpoint read twice. The two reads disagree, which is the finding. exposure: BTH1677 4 milligrams per kilogram weekly with cetuximab, carboplatin and paclitaxel against the same backbone alone, randomised 2 to 1 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/28303530.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1647608a80fde3f663b90783006859ae85ed15bc718a8d9031ba5acdb586eb7b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2002, "text_sha256": "1647608a80fde3f663b90783006859ae85ed15bc718a8d9031ba5acdb586eb7b"} [bg-p28303530] A randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase II study evaluating the efficacy and safety of BTH1677 (1,3-1,6 beta glucan; Imprime PGG) in combination with cetuximab and chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28303530/ DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0450-3
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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