Component

Activation of superoxide dismutase 1 by copper insertion

Activation of superoxide dismutase 1 by copper insertion. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

2 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

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How nutrients influence it

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How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

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What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. The copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase is necessary for expression of an active copper-bound superoxide dismutase in vivo despite the enzyme’s 6 femtomolar dissociation constant for copper, and purified Cu(I)-CCS was sufficient to activate the apo-enzyme but necessary only when free copper was strictly limited.

    Human copper chaperone for SOD1 / CCS → Activation of superoxide dismutase 1 by copper insertion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/hbot-research/10221913.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f6658330988f9b33331f49c1599734e070075a33fa8f32a3a6025d9f0fbc0b8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1176, "text_sha256": "8f6658330988f9b33331f49c1599734e070075a33fa8f32a3a6025d9f0fbc0b8"}
    experimental_model
    Yeast genetics with purified copper chaperone and apo-enzyme reconstitution
    exposure
    CCS deletion, elevated copper, and abrogation of metallothioneins
    limitations
    A yeast system with purified protein reconstitution. The free-copper conclusion is drawn from this system and its metallothionein manipulations.
    nutrient_topic
    Hyperbaric oxygen research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
    organism
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae and purified proteins
    plain_language
    Copper is handed over by a dedicated carrier, not picked up loose.
    primary_references
    [hbot-p10221913] Undetectable intracellular free copper: the requirement of a copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10221913/ DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5415.805
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Cytosol
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Hyperbaric oxygen: the exposure, its reactive species, the signals they carry, and the nutrient-dependent enzymes that handle them (2026-09-19) · lines 504–515

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Yeast genetics with purified copper chaperone and apo-enzyme reconstitution · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### hbot-ccs-required The copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase is necessary for expression of an active copper-bound superoxide dismutase in vivo despite the enzyme’s 6 femtomolar dissociation constant for copper, and purified Cu(I)-CCS was sufficient to activate the apo-enzyme but necessary only when free copper was strictly limited. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Hyperbaric oxygen research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: Copper is handed over by a dedicated carrier, not picked up loose. organism: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and purified proteins tissue_or_cell_type: Cytosol experimental_model: Yeast genetics with purified copper chaperone and apo-enzyme reconstitution limitations: A yeast system with purified protein reconstitution. The free-copper conclusion is drawn from this system and its metallothionein manipulations. exposure: CCS deletion, elevated copper, and abrogation of metallothioneins evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/hbot-research/10221913.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f6658330988f9b33331f49c1599734e070075a33fa8f32a3a6025d9f0fbc0b8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1176, "text_sha256": "8f6658330988f9b33331f49c1599734e070075a33fa8f32a3a6025d9f0fbc0b8"} [hbot-p10221913] Undetectable intracellular free copper: the requirement of a copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10221913/ DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5415.805
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. The chaperone requirement was bypassed by elevated copper and by removing intracellular copper scavengers such as the metallothioneins, indicating that intracellular free copper is limited to less than one free copper ion per cell and that a pool of free copper is not used to activate metalloenzymes.

    Intracellular free copper ion concentration → Activation of superoxide dismutase 1 by copper insertion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/hbot-research/10221913.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f6658330988f9b33331f49c1599734e070075a33fa8f32a3a6025d9f0fbc0b8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1176, "text_sha256": "8f6658330988f9b33331f49c1599734e070075a33fa8f32a3a6025d9f0fbc0b8"}
    experimental_model
    Yeast genetics with purified copper chaperone and apo-enzyme reconstitution
    exposure
    CCS deletion, elevated copper, and abrogation of metallothioneins
    limitations
    A yeast system with purified protein reconstitution. The free-copper conclusion is drawn from this system and its metallothionein manipulations.
    nutrient_topic
    Hyperbaric oxygen research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
    organism
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae and purified proteins
    plain_language
    There is effectively no loose copper in a cell; every atom is held by something.
    primary_references
    [hbot-p10221913] Undetectable intracellular free copper: the requirement of a copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10221913/ DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5415.805
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Cytosol

    Hyperbaric oxygen: the exposure, its reactive species, the signals they carry, and the nutrient-dependent enzymes that handle them (2026-09-19) · lines 517–528

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Yeast genetics with purified copper chaperone and apo-enzyme reconstitution · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### hbot-free-copper-limit The chaperone requirement was bypassed by elevated copper and by removing intracellular copper scavengers such as the metallothioneins, indicating that intracellular free copper is limited to less than one free copper ion per cell and that a pool of free copper is not used to activate metalloenzymes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Hyperbaric oxygen research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: There is effectively no loose copper in a cell; every atom is held by something. organism: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and purified proteins tissue_or_cell_type: Cytosol experimental_model: Yeast genetics with purified copper chaperone and apo-enzyme reconstitution limitations: A yeast system with purified protein reconstitution. The free-copper conclusion is drawn from this system and its metallothionein manipulations. exposure: CCS deletion, elevated copper, and abrogation of metallothioneins evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/hbot-research/10221913.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f6658330988f9b33331f49c1599734e070075a33fa8f32a3a6025d9f0fbc0b8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1176, "text_sha256": "8f6658330988f9b33331f49c1599734e070075a33fa8f32a3a6025d9f0fbc0b8"} [hbot-p10221913] Undetectable intracellular free copper: the requirement of a copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10221913/ DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5415.805
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

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    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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