Rat organic cation transporter 2 / Oct2: molecular mechanisms & dependencies

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

Human evidence only

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

Berberine inhibited rat OCT2-mediated metformin uptake in transfected cells, with reported IC50 11.3 micromolar.
Berberine → Rat organic cation transporter 2 / Oct2 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/25359200.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e46385d733a3c5fc9c39b89a27ef7ca62d228258ae47bb605c6a86eca68ee8db", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1353, "text_sha256": "e46385d733a3c5fc9c39b89a27ef7ca62d228258ae47bb605c6a86eca68ee8db"}
experimental_model
Transporter-expressing cells and intravenous rat pharmacokinetics
exposure
Intravenous metformin 2 mg/kg and berberine 10 mg/kg in rats; in-vitro concentration-response
limitations
HEK293 is the host cell, not proof that the expressed transporter is human; the indexed proteins are rat Slc22a1/Slc22a2. Intravenous rat results cannot determine an oral human interaction. Assayed substrate was metformin, not thiamine.
nutrient_topic
Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine
organism
Rat OCT1/2 in HEK293 cells and rats; rat protein identity indexed in primary-publication chemical records
plain_language
Transport inhibition is a distinct interaction mechanism from liver CYP inhibition.
primary_references
[berberine-p25359200] Organic cation transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction potential between berberine and metformin. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25359200/ DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0510-6
tissue_or_cell_type
Metformin uptake and disposition
Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 779–790
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transporter-expressing cells and intravenous rat pharmacokinetics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### berberine-metformin-rat-slc22a2 Berberine inhibited rat OCT2-mediated metformin uptake in transfected cells, with reported IC50 11.3 micromolar. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Transport inhibition is a distinct interaction mechanism from liver CYP inhibition. organism: Rat OCT1/2 in HEK293 cells and rats; rat protein identity indexed in primary-publication chemical records tissue_or_cell_type: Metformin uptake and disposition experimental_model: Transporter-expressing cells and intravenous rat pharmacokinetics limitations: HEK293 is the host cell, not proof that the expressed transporter is human; the indexed proteins are rat Slc22a1/Slc22a2. Intravenous rat results cannot determine an oral human interaction. Assayed substrate was metformin, not thiamine. exposure: Intravenous metformin 2 mg/kg and berberine 10 mg/kg in rats; in-vitro concentration-response evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/25359200.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e46385d733a3c5fc9c39b89a27ef7ca62d228258ae47bb605c6a86eca68ee8db", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1353, "text_sha256": "e46385d733a3c5fc9c39b89a27ef7ca62d228258ae47bb605c6a86eca68ee8db"} [berberine-p25359200] Organic cation transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction potential between berberine and metformin. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25359200/ DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0510-6
Complete structured claim and evidence
Berberine inhibited rat OCT2-mediated metformin transport, with IC50 1.02 micromolar.
Berberine → Rat organic cation transporter 2 / Oct2 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/30428337.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d35cfbe70c74323ef13e51af7affae3f13a4ff7b80a1d278620b8ced217346d8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1775, "text_sha256": "d35cfbe70c74323ef13e51af7affae3f13a4ff7b80a1d278620b8ced217346d8"}
experimental_model
Oral rat pharmacokinetics, intestinal sacs and rat-transporter-expressing cells
exposure
Oral metformin/berberine coadministration; concentration-dependent transport assays
limitations
Route differs from the intravenous rat study. Changes in plasma, kidney tissue and excretion are separate outcomes; not proof of improved human combination efficacy.
nutrient_topic
Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine
organism
Rats and recombinant rat OCT1, OCT2 and MATE1
plain_language
This identifies the rat transporter independently, preserving species.
primary_references
[berberine-p30428337] Organic cation transporter and multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 co-mediated interaction between metformin and berberine. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30428337/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.010
tissue_or_cell_type
Intestinal uptake, kidney distribution and excretion
Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 818–829
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Oral rat pharmacokinetics, intestinal sacs and rat-transporter-expressing cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### berberine-rat-metformin-rat-slc22a2 Berberine inhibited rat OCT2-mediated metformin transport, with IC50 1.02 micromolar. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This identifies the rat transporter independently, preserving species. organism: Rats and recombinant rat OCT1, OCT2 and MATE1 tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal uptake, kidney distribution and excretion experimental_model: Oral rat pharmacokinetics, intestinal sacs and rat-transporter-expressing cells limitations: Route differs from the intravenous rat study. Changes in plasma, kidney tissue and excretion are separate outcomes; not proof of improved human combination efficacy. exposure: Oral metformin/berberine coadministration; concentration-dependent transport assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/30428337.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d35cfbe70c74323ef13e51af7affae3f13a4ff7b80a1d278620b8ced217346d8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1775, "text_sha256": "d35cfbe70c74323ef13e51af7affae3f13a4ff7b80a1d278620b8ced217346d8"} [berberine-p30428337] Organic cation transporter and multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 co-mediated interaction between metformin and berberine. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30428337/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.010
Complete structured claim and evidence

The events it takes part in

A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.

Situations it appears in

Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

Open hypotheses

Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.

This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

Rat organic cation transporter 2 / Oct2