Component
Phenformin
Phenformin. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.
2 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.
How nutrients influence it
Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.
Other things that act on it
Enzymes, hormones, genes, and other components with a recorded effect. These are not nutrients, so they do not count toward the arrows above. Each finding names the chapter that recorded it.
How nutrients reach it in more than one step
Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.
Tracing routes…
What it does
Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.
What acts on it
Rat Oct1 also transported phenformin with a Km of 16 microM, a higher affinity than for metformin.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/12130709.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2bd4b1f58d2b0b30807a1a521298f4713a86049a53f62cfc5d6463927644d82b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1411, "text_sha256": "2bd4b1f58d2b0b30807a1a521298f4713a86049a53f62cfc5d6463927644d82b"}
- experimental_model
- Rat Oct1-transfected CHO uptake kinetics and Oct1-knockout mouse tissue distribution
- exposure
- Intravenous metformin in Oct1(-/-) and Oct1(+/+) mice; buformin and phenformin compared in vitro
- limitations
- Transporter assignment in rodents. Affinities are assay values, not human tissue concentrations, and renal handling was governed by other transporters in this model.
- nutrient_topic
- Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. · Metformin
- organism
- Rat transporter in CHO cells; mouse in vivo
- plain_language
- Other biguanides use the same carrier, and they bind it more tightly than metformin does.
- primary_references
- [metformin-p12130709] Involvement of organic cation transporter 1 in hepatic and intestinal distribution of metformin. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12130709/ DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.034140
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Liver, small intestine and kidney
- transport_effect
- raises Phenformin transported into the expressing cell with a Km of 16 micromolar.
- transport_pool
- the expressing cell Phenformin transported into the expressing cell with a Km of 16 micromolar.
Metformin: transport, molecular targets, gut mechanisms and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 86–97
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat Oct1-transfected CHO uptake kinetics and Oct1-knockout mouse tissue distribution · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### metformin-rat-oct1-phenformin Rat Oct1 also transported phenformin with a Km of 16 microM, a higher affinity than for metformin. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. plain_language: Other biguanides use the same carrier, and they bind it more tightly than metformin does. organism: Rat transporter in CHO cells; mouse in vivo tissue_or_cell_type: Liver, small intestine and kidney experimental_model: Rat Oct1-transfected CHO uptake kinetics and Oct1-knockout mouse tissue distribution limitations: Transporter assignment in rodents. Affinities are assay values, not human tissue concentrations, and renal handling was governed by other transporters in this model. exposure: Intravenous metformin in Oct1(-/-) and Oct1(+/+) mice; buformin and phenformin compared in vitro evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/12130709.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2bd4b1f58d2b0b30807a1a521298f4713a86049a53f62cfc5d6463927644d82b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1411, "text_sha256": "2bd4b1f58d2b0b30807a1a521298f4713a86049a53f62cfc5d6463927644d82b"} [metformin-p12130709] Involvement of organic cation transporter 1 in hepatic and intestinal distribution of metformin. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12130709/ DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.034140
Complete structured claim and evidence
Where it participates (unsigned role)
Metformin and the biguanide analogue phenformin competitively inhibited OCT1-mediated thiamine uptake.
Experimental context and source evidence
- availability_state
- nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/24961373.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77be4a228b3d067ca1e7ba44e8148f5fbda7956a23b42fb8281e9faf451a0e70", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1270, "text_sha256": "77be4a228b3d067ca1e7ba44e8148f5fbda7956a23b42fb8281e9faf451a0e70"}
- experimental_model
- Oct1-knockout and human OCT1 transgenic mice, metabolomics and isotopic uptake
- exposure
- Metformin and phenformin against thiamine uptake; acute metformin in wild-type mice
- limitations
- Identifies thiamine as an endogenous OCT1 substrate and shows competitive inhibition by metformin. The steatosis phenotype is a mouse phenotype.
- nutrient_topic
- Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. · Metformin
- organism
- Mouse and human transporter
- plain_language
- The drug and the vitamin compete for the same door.
- primary_references
- [metformin-p24961373] OCT1 is a high-capacity thiamine transporter that regulates hepatic steatosis and is a target of metformin. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24961373/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314939111
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Liver and intestine
- trigger_kind
- nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Metformin: transport, molecular targets, gut mechanisms and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 1243–1254
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Oct1-knockout and human OCT1 transgenic mice, metabolomics and isotopic uptake · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### metformin-metformin-thiamine-competition Metformin and the biguanide analogue phenformin competitively inhibited OCT1-mediated thiamine uptake. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. plain_language: The drug and the vitamin compete for the same door. organism: Mouse and human transporter tissue_or_cell_type: Liver and intestine experimental_model: Oct1-knockout and human OCT1 transgenic mice, metabolomics and isotopic uptake limitations: Identifies thiamine as an endogenous OCT1 substrate and shows competitive inhibition by metformin. The steatosis phenotype is a mouse phenotype. exposure: Metformin and phenformin against thiamine uptake; acute metformin in wild-type mice evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/24961373.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77be4a228b3d067ca1e7ba44e8148f5fbda7956a23b42fb8281e9faf451a0e70", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1270, "text_sha256": "77be4a228b3d067ca1e7ba44e8148f5fbda7956a23b42fb8281e9faf451a0e70"} [metformin-p24961373] OCT1 is a high-capacity thiamine transporter that regulates hepatic steatosis and is a target of metformin. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24961373/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314939111
Complete structured claim and evidence
The events it takes part in
A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.
Situations it appears in
Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.
In the sources
Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.
Open hypotheses
Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.
This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.