Component
Prevalence of low serum B12
Independent substance, clinical endpoint or measured readout; study context is retained with each finding.
1 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.
How nutrients influence it
Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.
Other things that act on it
Enzymes, hormones, genes, and other components with a recorded effect. These are not nutrients, so they do not count toward the arrows above. Each finding names the chapter that recorded it.
How nutrients reach it in more than one step
Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.
Tracing routes…
What it does
Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.
What acts on it
Low B12 (at most 203 pg/mL) was more frequent with metformin at year 5 (4.3% versus 2.3%) but not significantly at year 13 (7.4% versus 5.4%); low-or-borderline B12 (at most 298 pg/mL) remained more frequent at both assessments.
Experimental context and source evidence
- experimental_model
- DPP/DPPOS secondary analysis: initial randomized metformin/placebo period followed by open-label follow-up. Stored-sample analytic groups: year 5 placebo 857/metformin 858; year 13 placebo 756/metformin 764.
- exposure
- Metformin 850 mg twice daily initially; B12 assessed at approximately 5 and 13 years. Long-term exposure is not continuously blinded randomized treatment.
- limitations
- Stored-sample subsets and open-label exposure after the initial trial limit continuous randomized interpretation.
- nutrient_topic
- Vitamin B12 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin B12 (cobalamins)
- organism
- Homo sapiens
- plain_language
- The long-term follow-up supports a status association, with different results for different thresholds and visits.
- primary_references
- [b12-aroda2016] Long-term Metformin Use and Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26900641/ DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3754
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Human blood or whole-person endpoints
Vitamin B12: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1649–1659
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · DPP/DPPOS secondary analysis: initial randomized metformin/placebo period followed by open-label follow-up. Stored-sample analytic groups: year 5 placebo 857/metformin 858; year 13 placebo 756/metformin 764. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### b12-metformin-dppos-longitudinal Low B12 (at most 203 pg/mL) was more frequent with metformin at year 5 (4.3% versus 2.3%) but not significantly at year 13 (7.4% versus 5.4%); low-or-borderline B12 (at most 298 pg/mL) remained more frequent at both assessments. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin B12 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The long-term follow-up supports a status association, with different results for different thresholds and visits. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human blood or whole-person endpoints experimental_model: DPP/DPPOS secondary analysis: initial randomized metformin/placebo period followed by open-label follow-up. Stored-sample analytic groups: year 5 placebo 857/metformin 858; year 13 placebo 756/metformin 764. limitations: Stored-sample subsets and open-label exposure after the initial trial limit continuous randomized interpretation. exposure: Metformin 850 mg twice daily initially; B12 assessed at approximately 5 and 13 years. Long-term exposure is not continuously blinded randomized treatment. [b12-aroda2016] Long-term Metformin Use and Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26900641/ DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3754
Complete structured claim and evidence
The events it takes part in
A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.
Situations it appears in
Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.
In the sources
Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.
Open hypotheses
Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.
This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.