Component
Macropinocytic protein scavenging by human PDAC cells
Context-specific entity; species, compartment and exposure are stated on each claim.
2 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.
How nutrients influence it
Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.
Other things that act on it
Enzymes, hormones, genes, and other components with a recorded effect. These are not nutrients, so they do not count toward the arrows above. Each finding names the chapter that recorded it.
How nutrients reach it in more than one step
Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.
Tracing routes…
What it does
Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.
What acts on it
Genetic and pharmacological experiments linked hypoxia-enhanced macropinocytosis to HIF1A and its target CA9 in KRAS-mutant PDAC models.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_access
- Primary full text
- experimental_model
- Human and mouse PDAC model program; human-cell HIF1A/CA9 manipulations.
- limitations
- CA9 is a mediator in the tested models, not a universal aspartate transporter.
- nutrient_topic
- L-Aspartate collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Aspartate
- plain_language
- An oxygen-response program increased an alternative nutrient-acquisition route.
- primary_references
- Adaptive stimulation of macropinocytosis overcomes aspartate limitation in cancer cells under hypoxia. · 2022 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35726024/ · DOI 10.1038/s42255-022-00583-z
L-Aspartate: redox transfer, nitrogen partitioning and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 266–272
AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human and mouse PDAC model program; human-cell HIF1A/CA9 manipulations. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## l-aspartate-hypoxia-hif-ca9 An oxygen-response program increased an alternative nutrient-acquisition route. Genetic and pharmacological experiments linked hypoxia-enhanced macropinocytosis to HIF1A and its target CA9 in KRAS-mutant PDAC models. Model: Human and mouse PDAC model program; human-cell HIF1A/CA9 manipulations. Limitations: CA9 is a mediator in the tested models, not a universal aspartate transporter. Evidence access: Primary full text Adaptive stimulation of macropinocytosis overcomes aspartate limitation in cancer cells under hypoxia. · 2022 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35726024/ · DOI 10.1038/s42255-022-00583-z
Complete structured claim and evidence
Where it participates (unsigned role)
Bovine albumin supplementation restored aspartate and pyrimidine-related metabolites and partly rescued hypoxic growth in the tested KRAS-mutant human PDAC cultures.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_access
- Primary full text
- experimental_model
- Human MIA PaCa-2-centered hypoxic culture, albumin addition and macropinocytosis experiments.
- limitations
- This is an extracellular protein-scavenging mechanism, not evidence of direct intact dietary protein delivery to a tumor.
- nutrient_topic
- L-Aspartate collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Aspartate
- plain_language
- Cells can obtain amino acids by digesting extracellular protein.
- primary_references
- Adaptive stimulation of macropinocytosis overcomes aspartate limitation in cancer cells under hypoxia. · 2022 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35726024/ · DOI 10.1038/s42255-022-00583-z
L-Aspartate: redox transfer, nitrogen partitioning and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 258–264
AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human MIA PaCa-2-centered hypoxic culture, albumin addition and macropinocytosis experiments. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## l-aspartate-protein-scavenging-rescue Cells can obtain amino acids by digesting extracellular protein. Bovine albumin supplementation restored aspartate and pyrimidine-related metabolites and partly rescued hypoxic growth in the tested KRAS-mutant human PDAC cultures. Model: Human MIA PaCa-2-centered hypoxic culture, albumin addition and macropinocytosis experiments. Limitations: This is an extracellular protein-scavenging mechanism, not evidence of direct intact dietary protein delivery to a tumor. Evidence access: Primary full text Adaptive stimulation of macropinocytosis overcomes aspartate limitation in cancer cells under hypoxia. · 2022 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35726024/ · DOI 10.1038/s42255-022-00583-z
Complete structured claim and evidence
The events it takes part in
A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.
Situations it appears in
Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.
In the sources
Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.
Open hypotheses
Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.
This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.