Component
Apparent vulgaxanthin-i permeability in human Caco-2 monolayers
1 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.
How nutrients influence it
Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.
Other things that act on it
Enzymes, hormones, genes, and other components with a recorded effect. These are not nutrients, so they do not count toward the arrows above. Each finding names the chapter that recorded it.
How nutrients reach it in more than one step
Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.
Tracing routes…
What it does
Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.
What acts on it
Vulgaxanthin-i showed low apparent permeability across Caco-2 monolayers; the reported three-pigment range was 4.2-8.9 x 10^-7 cm/s.
Experimental context and source evidence
- dose
- Betalains 5-80 micromolar
- duration
- Not specified in accessed primary abstract
- evidence_access
- Primary PubMed abstract; detailed exposure for PMID 23931157 additionally checked in publisher results. No uninspected full text is claimed.
- evidence_scope
- literature_reviewed; source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
- experimental_model
- Human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell model
- limitations
- Low apparent permeability in cultured cells is not a measured human oral bioavailability fraction; findings depend on pigment and assay. The range spans the three compounds; it is not an assigned compound-specific coefficient.
- nutrient_topic
- Betalains collection; each molecular form, species, exposure and preparation remains explicit. · Betalains
- organism
- Human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell model
- plain_language
- Vulgaxanthin-i showed low apparent permeability across Caco-2 monolayers; the reported three-pigment range was 4.2-8.9 x 10^-7 cm/s.
- primary_references
- Uptake and Immunomodulatory Properties of Betanin, Vulgaxanthin I and Indicaxanthin towards Caco-2 Intestinal Cells. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36009345/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081627
- route
- In vitro exposure
- tissue
- Intestinal cells and monolayer transport
Betalains: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 387–395
Original AI-assisted curation of twelve primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## betalains-vulgaxanthin-i-transport Vulgaxanthin-i showed low apparent permeability across Caco-2 monolayers; the reported three-pigment range was 4.2-8.9 x 10^-7 cm/s. Model/species: Human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell model Tissue: Intestinal cells and monolayer transport Exposure: Betalains 5-80 micromolar Route: In vitro exposure Duration: Not specified in accessed primary abstract Limits: Low apparent permeability in cultured cells is not a measured human oral bioavailability fraction; findings depend on pigment and assay. The range spans the three compounds; it is not an assigned compound-specific coefficient. Primary reference: Uptake and Immunomodulatory Properties of Betanin, Vulgaxanthin I and Indicaxanthin towards Caco-2 Intestinal Cells. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36009345/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081627
Complete structured claim and evidence
The events it takes part in
A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.
Situations it appears in
Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.
In the sources
Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.
Open hypotheses
Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.
This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.