Component

Human cycling time-trial performance after astaxanthin

Context-specific entity; species, compartment and exposure are stated on each claim.

3 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. In 32 well-trained male cyclists, 20 mg/day for four weeks raised plasma astaxanthin but did not improve time-trial performance or fat oxidation.

    Astaxanthin → Human cycling time-trial performance after astaxanthin source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Human randomized trial in trained cyclists.
    limitations
    Different dose, training status and protocol from the positive trials; these are candidate explanations, not a demonstrated reconciliation.
    nutrient_topic
    Astaxanthin collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Astaxanthin
    plain_language
    Higher blood exposure did not translate into better performance.
    primary_references
    Astaxanthin supplementation does not augment fat use or improve endurance performance. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23274592/ · DOI 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31827fddc4
    trigger_kind
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Astaxanthin: transport, membrane chemistry, signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 462–468

    AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human randomized trial in trained cyclists. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## astaxanthin-cycling-null-2013 Higher blood exposure did not translate into better performance. In 32 well-trained male cyclists, 20 mg/day for four weeks raised plasma astaxanthin but did not improve time-trial performance or fat oxidation. Model: Human randomized trial in trained cyclists. Limitations: Different dose, training status and protocol from the positive trials; these are candidate explanations, not a demonstrated reconciliation. Evidence access: Primary abstract Astaxanthin supplementation does not augment fat use or improve endurance performance. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23274592/ · DOI 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31827fddc4
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. After 4 mg/day for 28 days, the astaxanthin group improved its 20-km cycling time trial more than placebo in the 14 completers of a 21-person randomized study.

    Astaxanthin → Human cycling time-trial performance after astaxanthin source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Seven completers per arm; time trial after two hours of exercise.
    limitations
    Attrition and small groups limit precision; substrate oxidation did not improve.
    nutrient_topic
    Astaxanthin collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Astaxanthin
    plain_language
    A small cycling study reported faster performance.
    primary_references
    Effect of astaxanthin on cycling time trial performance. · 2011 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21984399/ · DOI 10.1055/s-0031-1280779

    Astaxanthin: transport, membrane chemistry, signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 454–460

    AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Seven completers per arm; time trial after two hours of exercise. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## astaxanthin-cycling-positive-2011 A small cycling study reported faster performance. After 4 mg/day for 28 days, the astaxanthin group improved its 20-km cycling time trial more than placebo in the 14 completers of a 21-person randomized study. Model: Seven completers per arm; time trial after two hours of exercise. Limitations: Attrition and small groups limit precision; substrate oxidation did not improve. Evidence access: Primary abstract Effect of astaxanthin on cycling time trial performance. · 2011 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21984399/ · DOI 10.1055/s-0031-1280779
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Twelve recreationally trained men completed a crossover trial of 12 mg/day for seven days; 40-km performance improved by about 1.2%, or 51 seconds on average.

    Astaxanthin → Human cycling time-trial performance after astaxanthin source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Human crossover trial with 14-day washout.
    limitations
    Small sample; a reported fat-oxidation difference occurred at the final 39–40 km and should not be generalized to the entire event.
    nutrient_topic
    Astaxanthin collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Astaxanthin
    plain_language
    Another small trial found a modest performance improvement.
    primary_references
    The effect of astaxanthin supplementation on performance and fat oxidation during a 40 km cycling time trial. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32660833/ · DOI 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.06.017

    Astaxanthin: transport, membrane chemistry, signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 470–476

    AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human crossover trial with 14-day washout. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## astaxanthin-cycling-positive-2021 Another small trial found a modest performance improvement. Twelve recreationally trained men completed a crossover trial of 12 mg/day for seven days; 40-km performance improved by about 1.2%, or 51 seconds on average. Model: Human crossover trial with 14-day washout. Limitations: Small sample; a reported fat-oxidation difference occurred at the final 39–40 km and should not be generalized to the entire event. Evidence access: Primary abstract The effect of astaxanthin supplementation on performance and fat oxidation during a 40 km cycling time trial. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32660833/ · DOI 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.06.017
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards