Component
Human maleylacetoacetate isomerase / GSTZ1
Context-specific entity; species, compartment and exposure are stated on each claim.
2 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.
How nutrients influence it
Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.
Other things that act on it
Enzymes, hormones, genes, and other components with a recorded effect. These are not nutrients, so they do not count toward the arrows above. Each finding names the chapter that recorded it.
How nutrients reach it in more than one step
Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.
Tracing routes…
What it does
Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.
What it acts on
Human GSTZ1/MAAI catalyzes glutathione-dependent isomerization of maleylacetoacetate to fumarylacetoacetate.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_access
- Primary abstract
- experimental_model
- Human MAAI crystal structure with glutathione and a substrate-mimicking sulfate ion.
- limitations
- Glutathione dependence does not imply stoichiometric depletion by ordinary tyrosine intake.
- nutrient_topic
- L-Tyrosine collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Tyrosine
- plain_language
- Glutathione has a catalytic role in nutrient breakdown as well as antioxidant roles.
- primary_references
- Crystal structure of maleylacetoacetate isomerase/glutathione transferase zeta reveals the molecular basis for its remarkable catalytic promiscuity. · 2001 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11327815/ · DOI 10.1021/bi002249z
L-Tyrosine: catecholamines, thyroid chemistry, pigment, metabolism and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 252–258
AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human MAAI crystal structure with glutathione and a substrate-mimicking sulfate ion. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## l-tyrosine-gst-isomerase Glutathione has a catalytic role in nutrient breakdown as well as antioxidant roles. Human GSTZ1/MAAI catalyzes glutathione-dependent isomerization of maleylacetoacetate to fumarylacetoacetate. Model: Human MAAI crystal structure with glutathione and a substrate-mimicking sulfate ion. Limitations: Glutathione dependence does not imply stoichiometric depletion by ordinary tyrosine intake. Evidence access: Primary abstract Crystal structure of maleylacetoacetate isomerase/glutathione transferase zeta reveals the molecular basis for its remarkable catalytic promiscuity. · 2001 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11327815/ · DOI 10.1021/bi002249z
Complete structured claim and evidence
What acts on it
Five days of 1 g/day chloral hydrate produced detectable dichloroacetate and urinary maleylacetone in healthy volunteers, consistent with inhibition of GSTZ1/MAAI-dependent tyrosine catabolism.
Experimental context and source evidence
- availability_state
- machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
- evidence_access
- Primary abstract
- experimental_model
- Eight adults studied at clinical or environmental exposure levels; stable-isotope and metabolite assays.
- limitations
- Environmental-dose plasma DCA was undetectable; direct tissue-enzyme inhibition was inferred from metabolism, not biopsied. No low-dose equivalence is assumed.
- nutrient_topic
- L-Tyrosine collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Tyrosine
- plain_language
- A drug metabolite can interfere with an amino-acid disposal enzyme.
- primary_references
- Chloral hydrate, through biotransformation to dichloroacetate, inhibits maleylacetoacetate isomerase and tyrosine catabolism in humans. · 2015 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25283137/ · DOI 10.1515/dmdi-2014-0015
- trigger_kind
- machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
L-Tyrosine: catecholamines, thyroid chemistry, pigment, metabolism and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 300–306
AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Eight adults studied at clinical or environmental exposure levels; stable-isotope and metabolite assays. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## l-tyrosine-chloral-gstz A drug metabolite can interfere with an amino-acid disposal enzyme. Five days of 1 g/day chloral hydrate produced detectable dichloroacetate and urinary maleylacetone in healthy volunteers, consistent with inhibition of GSTZ1/MAAI-dependent tyrosine catabolism. Model: Eight adults studied at clinical or environmental exposure levels; stable-isotope and metabolite assays. Limitations: Environmental-dose plasma DCA was undetectable; direct tissue-enzyme inhibition was inferred from metabolism, not biopsied. No low-dose equivalence is assumed. Evidence access: Primary abstract Chloral hydrate, through biotransformation to dichloroacetate, inhibits maleylacetoacetate isomerase and tyrosine catabolism in humans. · 2015 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25283137/ · DOI 10.1515/dmdi-2014-0015
Complete structured claim and evidence
The events it takes part in
A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.
Situations it appears in
Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.
In the sources
Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.
Open hypotheses
Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.
This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.