Component
Beta-Phenylethylamine / PEA
1 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.
How nutrients influence it
Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.
Other things that act on it
Enzymes, hormones, genes, and other components with a recorded effect. These are not nutrients, so they do not count toward the arrows above. Each finding names the chapter that recorded it.
How nutrients reach it in more than one step
Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.
Tracing routes…
What it does
Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.
What it acts on
Trace-amine receptor experiments support beta-phenylethylamine-responsive receptor signaling.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_access
- Primary indexed abstract and bibliographic record; full experimental methods not independently extracted.
- experimental_model
- Cloned mammalian GPCR systems; primary abstract, exact species-specific potency not extracted.
- interpretation_status
- Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.
- limitations
- No inference of oral Phe brain benefit or chocolate effects.
- nutrient_topic
- L-Phenylalanine collection; chapter membership is not a causal effect. · L-Phenylalanine
- plain_language
- Trace-amine receptor experiments support beta-phenylethylamine-responsive receptor signaling.
- primary_references
- Trace amines: identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors. | 2001 | DOI 10.1073/pnas.151105198 | PMID 11459929 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11459929/ | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.151105198
- source_locator
- Reviewed reference lines 171-179; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.
L-Phenylalanine: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 5 October 2026) · lines 171–179
Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Cloned mammalian GPCR systems; primary abstract, exact species-specific potency not extracted. · Recorded from source · Recorded from source
<!-- section:trace-and-d --> Trace-amine receptor cloning experiments showed activation/binding by biogenic amines including beta-phenylethylamine, supporting a receptor branch downstream of amino-acid decarboxylation. They do not demonstrate that oral Phe increases useful human brain signaling, that chocolate works through this route, or a universal half-life for PEA. MAO inhibition, tyramine exposure and Phe precursor supply are distinct conditions. In a 1981 tracer report, one healthy woman received 8 mg/kg labeled D- or L-Phe. Labeled Tyr and protein-bound Phe appeared after either isomer; D-derived Phe appeared more prominently and cleared more slowly. This disproves absolute metabolic inertness of D-Phe but does not show that ribosomes directly incorporate D-Phe, identify a single human racemase, or establish equivalent nutrition across populations. A 30-person chronic-pain crossover trial comparing D-Phe 250 mg four times daily for four weeks with placebo did not show analgesic superiority. Proposed enkephalin preservation is not verified by that trial, and carboxypeptidase A is not neprilysin. A separate 20-person 150 mg/kg tyrosine study reported a selective working-memory benefit during multitasking with other task nulls; that is tyrosine evidence, not a phenylalanine efficacy trial. Sources: [Trace amines: identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11459929/); [Studies on phenylalanine metabolism by tracer techniques. IV. Biotransformation of D- and L-phenylalanine in man](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7273250/); [Analgesic effectiveness of D-phenylalanine in chronic pain patients](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3524509/); [Tyrosine improves working memory in a multitasking environment](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10548261/) <!-- end:trace-and-d -->
Complete structured claim and evidence
The events it takes part in
A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.
Situations it appears in
Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.
In the sources
Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.
Open hypotheses
Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.
This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.