Component
Octopamine
Octopamine. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.
1 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.
How nutrients influence it
Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.
Other things that act on it
Enzymes, hormones, genes, and other components with a recorded effect. These are not nutrients, so they do not count toward the arrows above. Each finding names the chapter that recorded it.
How nutrients reach it in more than one step
Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.
Tracing routes…
What it does
Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.
Where it participates (unsigned role)
Chromaffin granules must shuttle reducing equivalents inward to re-reduce ascorbate oxidised during noradrenaline synthesis: tyramine-driven turnover oxidised intragranular ascorbate with a stoichiometry of octopamine synthesised to ascorbate oxidised near unity, 95% inhibited by the enzyme inhibitor disulfiram, and abolished or reversed by extragranular ascorbate, while labelled ascorbate showed no transmembrane transport of the vitamin itself.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/3949732.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9db1233389aeb375adfd655ea04f39ccb05e22773f367aaa1292bb21698242e1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2000, "text_sha256": "9db1233389aeb375adfd655ea04f39ccb05e22773f367aaa1292bb21698242e1"}
- experimental_model
- Intact bovine chromaffin granules undergoing dopamine beta-hydroxylase turnover with labelled ascorbate
- exposure
- Tyramine- or dopamine-stimulated turnover with extragranular ascorbate
- limitations
- An in vitro demonstration in intact granules. Ascorbate itself does not cross the membrane, which is precisely why a shuttle is required.
- nutrient_topic
- Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Cold water immersion
- organism
- Bovine
- plain_language
- The vitamin cannot cross into the vesicle, so the cell passes electrons across the membrane instead.
- primary_references
- [cold-p3949732] Evidence for an ascorbate shuttle for the transfer of reducing equivalents across chromaffin granule membranes. (1986). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3949732/ DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35819-2
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Adrenal chromaffin granules
Cold water immersion: cold sensing, heat production, the catecholamine axis and what repeated exposure changes (2026-09-19) · lines 598–609
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Intact bovine chromaffin granules undergoing dopamine beta-hydroxylase turnover with labelled ascorbate · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### cold-ascorbate-shuttle Chromaffin granules must shuttle reducing equivalents inward to re-reduce ascorbate oxidised during noradrenaline synthesis: tyramine-driven turnover oxidised intragranular ascorbate with a stoichiometry of octopamine synthesised to ascorbate oxidised near unity, 95% inhibited by the enzyme inhibitor disulfiram, and abolished or reversed by extragranular ascorbate, while labelled ascorbate showed no transmembrane transport of the vitamin itself. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: The vitamin cannot cross into the vesicle, so the cell passes electrons across the membrane instead. organism: Bovine tissue_or_cell_type: Adrenal chromaffin granules experimental_model: Intact bovine chromaffin granules undergoing dopamine beta-hydroxylase turnover with labelled ascorbate limitations: An in vitro demonstration in intact granules. Ascorbate itself does not cross the membrane, which is precisely why a shuttle is required. exposure: Tyramine- or dopamine-stimulated turnover with extragranular ascorbate evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/3949732.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9db1233389aeb375adfd655ea04f39ccb05e22773f367aaa1292bb21698242e1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2000, "text_sha256": "9db1233389aeb375adfd655ea04f39ccb05e22773f367aaa1292bb21698242e1"} [cold-p3949732] Evidence for an ascorbate shuttle for the transfer of reducing equivalents across chromaffin granule membranes. (1986). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3949732/ DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35819-2
Complete structured claim and evidence
The events it takes part in
A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.
Situations it appears in
Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.
In the sources
Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.
Open hypotheses
Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.
This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.