{"id":"f2a5f6d9-d2e4-5f58-a2b6-98ca97bd4721","stable_key":"18100170-a014-51c3-adeb-9dab4162b8cc:metallothionein-expression","predicate":"increases_in_recorded_experiment","statement":"IL-1 increased metallothionein mRNA in human TEC cultures; direct metallothionein-to-FTS zinc transfer remained proposed rather than measured.","claim_class":"observational","status":"source_recorded","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"positive","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"065a6b79-ef57-5b1a-a8b4-b9a774947d09","mechanism_event_label":"IL-1 increased metallothionein mRNA in human TEC cultures; direct metallothionein-to-FTS zinc transfer remained proposed rather than measured.","subject":{"id":"e9fa1ab4-707e-5ff9-9d60-11f503b54c58","slug":"il1b","display_name":"Interleukin-1 beta / IL1B","entity_type_key":"cytokine"},"object":{"id":"3d95f19b-f8c5-5cd3-b95c-26da376806fe","slug":"metallothioneins","display_name":"Metallothioneins","entity_type_key":"protein_family"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"065a6b79-ef57-5b1a-a8b4-b9a774947d09","stable_key":"18100170-a014-51c3-adeb-9dab4162b8cc:metallothionein-expression-event","event_type":"experimental_observation","label":"IL-1 increased metallothionein mRNA in human TEC cultures; direct metallothionein-to-FTS zinc transfer remained proposed rather than measured.","description":"In cultured human TECs, **IL-1α and IL-1β increased zinc uptake, metallothionein mRNA and secretion of biologically active thymulin**. Part of the IL-1 effect on zinc uptake occurred independently of proliferation. Metallothionein was proposed as an intracellular zinc donor; direct transfer from a defined metallothionein molecule to FTS was not resolved by these observations. Do not turn that proposal into an established transfer reaction. [Coto et al., 1992](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.16.7752)","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"e9fa1ab4-707e-5ff9-9d60-11f503b54c58","slug":"il1b","display_name":"Interleukin-1 beta / IL1B","entity_type_key":"cytokine"},"role":"tested factor","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"IL-1 exposure","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"3d95f19b-f8c5-5cd3-b95c-26da376806fe","slug":"metallothioneins","display_name":"Metallothioneins","entity_type_key":"protein_family"},"role":"measured outcome","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"increase","sequence_order":1,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"23819462-9bdf-5856-beac-68b3dca9cf85","slug":"thymulin","display_name":"Thymulin","entity_type_key":"peptide"},"role":"secreted peptide assessed separately","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":2,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"49c806c2-7041-5020-8b3b-fa04ffa122ac","slug":"zinc-ion","display_name":"Zinc(II) ion","entity_type_key":"ion"},"role":"metal whose handling was assessed","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":3,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary bibliographic record and abstract checked; full methods/figures not comprehensively reviewed.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_contrast","value_text":"{\"intervention\": \"IL-1 exposure\", \"comparator\": \"Untreated cultures\", \"endpoint\": \"IL-1 increased metallothionein mRNA in human TEC cultures; direct metallothionein-to-FTS zinc transfer remained proposed rather than measured.\", \"effect_direction\": \"increase\", \"combination\": \"single\", \"conditions\": []}","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"Explicit extracted experimental comparison; source-derived draft.","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Human TECs; metallothionein transcript measurement, isoform unresolved.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"interpretation_status","value_text":"Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Interpret only within the recorded preparation, exposure and comparator. The complete source passage retains qualifications; unspecified doses/timing have not been extracted here. No clinical efficacy, nutrient deficiency or unique molecular mediation is inferred.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"IL-1 increased metallothionein mRNA in human TEC cultures; direct metallothionein-to-FTS zinc transfer remained proposed rather than measured.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"Interleukin 1 regulates secretion of zinc-thymulin by human thymic epithelial cells and its action on T-lymphocyte proliferation and nuclear protein kinase C. | 1992 | DOI 10.1073/pnas.89.16.7752 | PMID 1502195 | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.16.7752","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"source_locator","value_text":"Reviewed reference lines 35-35; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"7d439e28-8a46-586c-90e4-87967ab408e3","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 35-35","start_line":35,"end_line":35,"excerpt":"In cultured human TECs, **IL-1α and IL-1β increased zinc uptake, metallothionein mRNA and secretion of biologically active thymulin**. Part of the IL-1 effect on zinc uptake occurred independently of proliferation. Metallothionein was proposed as an intracellular zinc donor; direct transfer from a defined metallothionein molecule to FTS was not resolved by these observations. Do not turn that proposal into an established transfer reaction. [Coto et al., 1992](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.16.7752)","model_system":"Human TECs; metallothionein transcript measurement, isoform unresolved.","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_recorded","notes":"Exact excerpt of the retained AI-assisted reviewed reference; primary sources are cited in primary_references and access scope is retained. Not a verbatim quotation from a primary paper.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"e1871d49-9c6b-547b-a1bb-6e2b9270ca89","stable_key":"import-18100170-a014-51c3-adeb-9dab4162b8cc","title":"Thymulin: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 3 October 2026)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication.","file_path":"","sha256":"6e8ed0d7a5e23fc822f2ab418e0c4fb2411c01fcaa330039e8d7d93218cacc88","revision_id":"8c0e3449-9bbd-57c0-bb5e-de83f044f2ac","review_status":"source_recorded","notes":""}}],"relations":[],"conflicts":[],"corrections":[],"research":null}