{"id":"e8bdb28d-4370-5550-ab7b-7c90a606d1ea","stable_key":"104835a3-b891-5dc4-a6bb-42ab7c6f96c4:butyrate-macrophage-killing","predicate":"increases","statement":"Differentiating human blood monocytes with butyrate enhanced subsequent macrophage antibacterial activity without increasing inflammatory cytokine output.","claim_class":"mechanistic","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"context_dependent","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"5aa49879-e35e-57cf-980f-f31c548a681e","mechanism_event_label":"Microbe killing and inflammatory signaling changed independently.","subject":{"id":"e7428a7f-d35a-5406-9904-a88984814833","slug":"butyrate","display_name":"Butyrate","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"object":{"id":"d42547da-74a7-5b3a-9e0e-dfa4f1540079","slug":"human-butyrate-macrophage-killing","display_name":"Antimicrobial activity of butyrate-differentiated human macrophages","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"5aa49879-e35e-57cf-980f-f31c548a681e","stable_key":"104835a3-b891-5dc4-a6bb-42ab7c6f96c4:butyrate-macrophage-killing-event","event_type":"observed_relationship","label":"Microbe killing and inflammatory signaling changed independently.","description":"Differentiating human blood monocytes with butyrate enhanced subsequent macrophage antibacterial activity without increasing inflammatory cytokine output.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"e7428a7f-d35a-5406-9904-a88984814833","slug":"butyrate","display_name":"Butyrate","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"d42547da-74a7-5b3a-9e0e-dfa4f1540079","slug":"human-butyrate-macrophage-killing","display_name":"Antimicrobial activity of butyrate-differentiated human macrophages","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary full text, human macrophage differentiation/results","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Human donor monocyte-derived macrophages.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Differentiation exposure is different from acute dosing of mature cells or treating an infection in a patient.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Butyrate collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"butyrate","display_name":"Butyrate","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"Microbe killing and inflammatory signaling changed independently.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"The Short Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate Imprints an Antimicrobial Program in Macrophages. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30683619/ · DOI 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.018","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"85348e0b-a3b8-5761-a99b-84ce49f2886f","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 390-396","start_line":390,"end_line":396,"excerpt":"## butyrate-macrophage-killing\nMicrobe killing and inflammatory signaling changed independently.\nDifferentiating human blood monocytes with butyrate enhanced subsequent macrophage antibacterial activity without increasing inflammatory cytokine output.\nModel: Human donor monocyte-derived macrophages.\nLimitations: Differentiation exposure is different from acute dosing of mature cells or treating an infection in a patient.\nEvidence access: Primary full text, human macrophage differentiation/results\nThe Short Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate Imprints an Antimicrobial Program in Macrophages. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30683619/ · DOI 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.018","model_system":"Human donor monocyte-derived macrophages.","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Original curation paraphrase; evidence access and experimental limitations specified.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"33205bb8-dcbe-5d2c-afca-86075d7748d1","stable_key":"import-104835a3-b891-5dc4-a6bb-42ab7c6f96c4","title":"Butyrate: microbial production, fuel use, signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. 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