{"id":"d03c1453-90db-5c2d-af94-3575534ecd53","stable_key":"e3f6ce02-0bd7-5103-acc1-68503ab6751b:pk-carnitine-alcar","predicate":"increases_in_recorded_comparison","statement":"Oral L-carnitine also increased the circulating ALCAR pool in the 2025 study.","claim_class":"observational","status":"source_recorded","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"positive","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"4621f5bc-9cd2-570a-a9a3-bec5344b2b77","mechanism_event_label":"Oral L-carnitine also increased the circulating ALCAR pool in the 2025 study.","subject":{"id":"6e34c035-9371-578f-b799-fd2a14e9e40f","slug":"l-carnitine","display_name":"L-Carnitine","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"object":{"id":"37e9d890-b4e6-5225-83ce-e53183a9478f","slug":"human-plasma-alcar","display_name":"Human plasma acetylcarnitine concentration","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"4621f5bc-9cd2-570a-a9a3-bec5344b2b77","stable_key":"e3f6ce02-0bd7-5103-acc1-68503ab6751b:pk-carnitine-alcar-event","event_type":"experimental_observation","label":"Oral L-carnitine also increased the circulating ALCAR pool in the 2025 study.","description":"### pk-carnitine-alcar\n\nOral L-carnitine also increased the circulating ALCAR pool in the 2025 study.\nMedian ALCAR 12.1 to 20.9 micromolar at 4 h after 1.5 g carnitine. Baselines differed among groups; this is not a matched tissue-efficacy comparison.\nModel and exposure: Healthy-volunteer open-label pharmacokinetics; carnitine 1.5-g group n=12.\nLimitations: Limited to the recorded preparation, model, exposure and endpoint. Does not establish a human dietary deficiency, clinical benefit or unique molecular mediation.\nReference: Low Bioavailability and High TMAO Production: Novel Insights Into Acetylcarnitine and Carnitine Metabolism. | 2025 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41243468/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12700042/ | https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.70316 | Access: Primary full text: relevant Results/Methods and figure descriptions reviewed; supplements only where explicitly stated.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"6e34c035-9371-578f-b799-fd2a14e9e40f","slug":"l-carnitine","display_name":"L-Carnitine","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"tested factor","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"Single nominal 1.5-g L-carnitine dose","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"37e9d890-b4e6-5225-83ce-e53183a9478f","slug":"human-plasma-alcar","display_name":"Human plasma acetylcarnitine concentration","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"measured outcome","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"increase","sequence_order":1,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"5ce394a9-6ec6-56dd-866f-37d85c0556e4","slug":"acetylcarnitine","display_name":"Acetyl-L-carnitine","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"measured product","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":2,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary full text: relevant Results/Methods and figure descriptions reviewed; supplements only where explicitly stated.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_contrast","value_text":"{\"intervention\": \"Single nominal 1.5-g L-carnitine dose\", \"comparator\": \"Predose baseline\", \"endpoint\": \"Oral L-carnitine also increased the circulating ALCAR pool in the 2025 study.\", \"effect_direction\": \"increase\", \"combination\": \"single\", \"conditions\": []}","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"Explicit extracted experimental comparison; source-derived draft.","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Healthy-volunteer open-label pharmacokinetics; carnitine 1.5-g group n=12.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"interpretation_status","value_text":"Source-derived curation with stated access limits; ungraded, not independent replication.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Limited to the recorded preparation, model, exposure and endpoint. Does not establish a human dietary deficiency, clinical benefit or unique molecular mediation.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Acetyl-L-carnitine collection; exact intervention and molecular form govern interpretation.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"acetylcarnitine","display_name":"Acetyl-L-carnitine","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"Oral L-carnitine also increased the circulating ALCAR pool in the 2025 study.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"Low Bioavailability and High TMAO Production: Novel Insights Into Acetylcarnitine and Carnitine Metabolism. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41243468/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12700042/ | https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.70316","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"source_locator","value_text":"Reviewed reference pk-carnitine-alcar; Median ALCAR 12.1 to 20.9 micromolar at 4 h after 1.5 g carnitine. Baselines differed among groups; this is not a matched tissue-efficacy comparison.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"0e4f1424-8819-5eeb-af02-d1278605ea12","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 120-126","start_line":120,"end_line":126,"excerpt":"### pk-carnitine-alcar\n\nOral L-carnitine also increased the circulating ALCAR pool in the 2025 study.\nMedian ALCAR 12.1 to 20.9 micromolar at 4 h after 1.5 g carnitine. Baselines differed among groups; this is not a matched tissue-efficacy comparison.\nModel and exposure: Healthy-volunteer open-label pharmacokinetics; carnitine 1.5-g group n=12.\nLimitations: Limited to the recorded preparation, model, exposure and endpoint. Does not establish a human dietary deficiency, clinical benefit or unique molecular mediation.\nReference: Low Bioavailability and High TMAO Production: Novel Insights Into Acetylcarnitine and Carnitine Metabolism. | 2025 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41243468/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12700042/ | https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.70316 | Access: Primary full text: relevant Results/Methods and figure descriptions reviewed; supplements only where explicitly stated.","model_system":"Healthy-volunteer open-label pharmacokinetics; carnitine 1.5-g group n=12.","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_recorded","notes":"Original paraphrase in the retained reviewed reference, not a verbatim primary-paper quotation. Access level is explicit.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"2588f904-245a-597a-8a12-65118013fb90","stable_key":"import-e3f6ce02-0bd7-5103-acc1-68503ab6751b","title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 6 October 2026)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"AI-assisted original review of primary studies and clearly identified official records. Exact primary access is stated; no independent replication is claimed.","file_path":"","sha256":"84cc82d6fbb0fd5d73c4ce779e9f88e7f0184ba2d29b18ad0f153815380f2975","revision_id":"dac7a950-dbe5-5c7a-9c70-2ea711d5c71a","review_status":"source_recorded","notes":""}}],"relations":[],"conflicts":[],"corrections":[],"research":null}