{"id":"cd993756-73c3-5f3e-bef0-2333ec27f3a5","stable_key":"f2ec2007-88ff-5a96-a73b-8b5085e9cea9:mbz-selectivity-250-fold","predicate":"binds","statement":"The inhibition constants of mebendazole and fenbendazole for Ascaris suum embryonic tubulin were 1.9 x 10-8 and 6.5 x 10-8 molar while those for bovine brain tubulin were 7.3 x 10-6 and 1.7 x 10-5 molar, values 250 to 400 times greater, so that differential binding affinities between nematode and mammalian tubulin may explain the selective toxicity.","claim_class":"mechanistic","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"positive","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"4c8851a5-b37f-5a23-85e7-343c90ca1b5f","mechanism_event_label":"The drug grips worm tubulin hundreds of times more tightly than ours, which is the usual explanation for why it is safe.","subject":{"id":"f8582a13-fc2e-5127-a61f-5b0594e54069","slug":"mebendazole","display_name":"Mebendazole","entity_type_key":"drug"},"object":{"id":"bd64884e-6ee7-55df-9993-c2887f5a50df","slug":"nematode-beta-tubulin","display_name":"Nematode beta-tubulin","entity_type_key":"protein"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"4c8851a5-b37f-5a23-85e7-343c90ca1b5f","stable_key":"f2ec2007-88ff-5a96-a73b-8b5085e9cea9:mbz-selectivity-250-fold-event","event_type":"biochemical_relationship","label":"The drug grips worm tubulin hundreds of times more tightly than ours, which is the usual explanation for why it is safe.","description":"The inhibition constants of mebendazole and fenbendazole for Ascaris suum embryonic tubulin were 1.9 x 10-8 and 6.5 x 10-8 molar while those for bovine brain tubulin were 7.3 x 10-6 and 1.7 x 10-5 molar, values 250 to 400 times greater, so that differential binding affinities between nematode and mammalian tubulin may explain the selective toxicity.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"3394b04b-6dc0-528b-8e94-0644d5d33f45","slug":"mammalian-brain-tubulin","display_name":"Mammalian brain tubulin","entity_type_key":"protein"},"role":"comparator_protein","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"77f3f912-582a-5144-99ab-f66afe1bb548","slug":"fenbendazole","display_name":"Fenbendazole","entity_type_key":"drug"},"role":"co_tested_drug","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"1ad93a41-ffe4-5af2-9652-9ec1a3cd33cb","slug":"colchicine-binding-site","display_name":"The colchicine binding site on tubulin","entity_type_key":"protein_state"},"role":"assay_site","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":2,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"f8582a13-fc2e-5127-a61f-5b0594e54069","slug":"mebendazole","display_name":"Mebendazole","entity_type_key":"drug"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":3,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"bd64884e-6ee7-55df-9993-c2887f5a50df","slug":"nematode-beta-tubulin","display_name":"Nematode beta-tubulin","entity_type_key":"protein"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":4,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_span","value_text":"{\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/mebendazole-research/7388055.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"5613d7fb281b4fd39b17bfdbafaf0ea823fb63b928048a9dd112fb71bf4cd2b7\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1209, \"text_sha256\": \"5613d7fb281b4fd39b17bfdbafaf0ea823fb63b928048a9dd112fb71bf4cd2b7\"}","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Inhibition of tritiated colchicine binding to cytosolic tubulin from 8-day Ascaris suum embryos and from bovine brain","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"exposure","value_text":"Mebendazole and fenbendazole compared on the two tubulins in the same assay","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"The founding selectivity result. It measures embryonic tubulin; the study in this collection that measured intestinal tubulin found a far smaller difference.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"mebendazole","display_name":"Mebendazole","entity_type_key":"drug"}},{"dimension":"organism","value_text":"Nematode and cattle","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"The drug grips worm tubulin hundreds of times more tightly than ours, which is the usual explanation for why it is safe.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"[mbz-p7388055] Interaction of anthelmintic benzimidazoles with Ascaris suum embryonic tubulin. (1980). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7388055/ DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(80)90431-6","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"tissue_or_cell_type","value_text":"Embryonic nematode tubulin and bovine brain tubulin","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"fdfea41b-09a5-5e9d-84c4-1b529d3ee34c","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 95-106","start_line":95,"end_line":106,"excerpt":"### mbz-selectivity-250-fold\nThe inhibition constants of mebendazole and fenbendazole for Ascaris suum embryonic tubulin were 1.9 x 10-8 and 6.5 x 10-8 molar while those for bovine brain tubulin were 7.3 x 10-6 and 1.7 x 10-5 molar, values 250 to 400 times greater, so that differential binding affinities between nematode and mammalian tubulin may explain the selective toxicity.\nCondition category: normal\nnutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms.\nplain_language: The drug grips worm tubulin hundreds of times more tightly than ours, which is the usual explanation for why it is safe.\norganism: Nematode and cattle\ntissue_or_cell_type: Embryonic nematode tubulin and bovine brain tubulin\nexperimental_model: Inhibition of tritiated colchicine binding to cytosolic tubulin from 8-day Ascaris suum embryos and from bovine brain\nlimitations: The founding selectivity result. It measures embryonic tubulin; the study in this collection that measured intestinal tubulin found a far smaller difference.\nexposure: Mebendazole and fenbendazole compared on the two tubulins in the same assay\nevidence_span: {\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/mebendazole-research/7388055.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"5613d7fb281b4fd39b17bfdbafaf0ea823fb63b928048a9dd112fb71bf4cd2b7\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1209, \"text_sha256\": \"5613d7fb281b4fd39b17bfdbafaf0ea823fb63b928048a9dd112fb71bf4cd2b7\"}\n[mbz-p7388055] Interaction of anthelmintic benzimidazoles with Ascaris suum embryonic tubulin. (1980). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7388055/ DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(80)90431-6","model_system":"Inhibition of tritiated colchicine binding to cytosolic tubulin from 8-day Ascaris suum embryos and from bovine brain","directness":"author_interpretation","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Exact curation-document quotation, not publisher quotation. Study references: [mbz-p7388055] Interaction of anthelmintic benzimidazoles with Ascaris suum embryonic tubulin. (1980). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7388055/ DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(80)90431-6","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"06104773-03d0-5e5c-b9da-eb484e7be657","stable_key":"import-f2ec2007-88ff-5a96-a73b-8b5085e9cea9","title":"Mebendazole: the tubulin it binds, why that is selective, the crystal form that decides whether any of it works, and the off-target that became an oncology programme (2026-09-22)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text.","file_path":"","sha256":"58b652636677e5033fd1dd555744485fcef18f21a97dcf68723fe072b656f413","revision_id":"a2cd9c22-0549-52ca-a653-8a0c2362ec85","review_status":"unverified_draft","notes":""}}],"relations":[],"conflicts":[{"id":"812dac77-6cf9-5e7e-a9cd-412b20ed8d72","title":"Does tighter binding to parasite tubulin explain why mebendazole spares the host?","kind":"contradiction","status":"open","why":"Measured against Ascaris suum embryonic tubulin, mebendazole bound 250 to 400 times more tightly than to bovine brain tubulin, and that ratio is the standard explanation for the drug being safe in the host. Measured against tubulin purified from the Ascaris intestine, the tissue the drug visibly destroys, the difference against porcine brain tubulin was about twofold, and those authors concluded that interference with the parasite microtubular system cannot on its own explain selective toxicity, proposing differential pharmacokinetics instead. The two studies used different parasite tissues, different mammalian sources and different purification, and one reports mebendazole as noncompetitive with colchicine on nematode tubulin while the other reports it as competitive on intestinal tubulin. Two later records in this collection offer a third answer, that the selectivity is kinetic and temperature dependent rather than a matter of equilibrium affinity. Which reading is correct is not settled here.","resolution":"Unresolved; needs review.","created_at":"2026-09-22 05:04:17","record_type":"conflict","display_label":"Recorded conflict","record_url":"/conflicts/812dac77-6cf9-5e7e-a9cd-412b20ed8d72","sides":[{"conflict_id":"812dac77-6cf9-5e7e-a9cd-412b20ed8d72","ordinal":0,"label":"The drug grips worm tubulin hundreds of times more tightly than ours, which is the usual explanation for why it is safe.","revision_id":"a2cd9c22-0549-52ca-a653-8a0c2362ec85","start_line":95,"end_line":106,"quote":"### mbz-selectivity-250-fold\nThe inhibition constants of mebendazole and fenbendazole for Ascaris suum embryonic tubulin were 1.9 x 10-8 and 6.5 x 10-8 molar while those for bovine brain tubulin were 7.3 x 10-6 and 1.7 x 10-5 molar, values 250 to 400 times greater, so that differential binding affinities between nematode and mammalian tubulin may explain the selective toxicity.\nCondition category: normal\nnutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms.\nplain_language: The drug grips worm tubulin hundreds of times more tightly than ours, which is the usual explanation for why it is safe.\norganism: Nematode and cattle\ntissue_or_cell_type: Embryonic nematode tubulin and bovine brain tubulin\nexperimental_model: Inhibition of tritiated colchicine binding to cytosolic tubulin from 8-day Ascaris suum embryos and from bovine brain\nlimitations: The founding selectivity result. It measures embryonic tubulin; the study in this collection that measured intestinal tubulin found a far smaller difference.\nexposure: Mebendazole and fenbendazole compared on the two tubulins in the same assay\nevidence_span: {\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/mebendazole-research/7388055.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"5613d7fb281b4fd39b17bfdbafaf0ea823fb63b928048a9dd112fb71bf4cd2b7\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1209, \"text_sha256\": \"5613d7fb281b4fd39b17bfdbafaf0ea823fb63b928048a9dd112fb71bf4cd2b7\"}\n[mbz-p7388055] Interaction of anthelmintic benzimidazoles with Ascaris suum embryonic tubulin. (1980). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7388055/ DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(80)90431-6","source_key":"import-f2ec2007-88ff-5a96-a73b-8b5085e9cea9","source_title":"Mebendazole: the tubulin it binds, why that is selective, the crystal form that decides whether any of it works, and the off-target that became an oncology programme (2026-09-22)","claim_ids":["cd993756-73c3-5f3e-bef0-2333ec27f3a5"]},{"conflict_id":"812dac77-6cf9-5e7e-a9cd-412b20ed8d72","ordinal":1,"label":"Measured in the worm’s gut rather than its embryos, the drug is only about twice as selective, which is not enough to explain its safety.","revision_id":"a2cd9c22-0549-52ca-a653-8a0c2362ec85","start_line":134,"end_line":145,"quote":"### mbz-selectivity-only-twofold\nMebendazole inhibited colchicine binding to partially purified Ascaris suum intestinal tubulin competitively with an inhibition constant of 4.22 x 10-6 molar and inhibited colchicine binding to porcine brain tubulin competitively with an inhibition constant of 8.0 x 10-6 molar, so that in view of the small difference in drug binding abilities it remains unclear whether the selective toxicity can be solely explained by interference with the parasite microtubular system, and the authors suggest that differential pharmacokinetic behaviour between parasite and host may be the essential basis for the difference in susceptibility.\nCondition category: normal\nnutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms.\nplain_language: Measured in the worm’s gut rather than its embryos, the drug is only about twice as selective, which is not enough to explain its safety.\norganism: Nematode and pig\ntissue_or_cell_type: Nematode intestinal tubulin and porcine brain tubulin\nexperimental_model: Colchicine and tritiated mebendazole binding to partially purified tubulin from Ascaris suum intestine and porcine brain\nlimitations: Measures the tissue mebendazole actually damages rather than embryonic tissue, and reaches the opposite conclusion about selectivity. Solubility prevented a precise association constant for mebendazole itself.\nexposure: In vitro incubation of Ascaris suum with 10 micromolar mebendazole, with tubulin partially purified from the intestine\nevidence_span: {\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/mebendazole-research/7335116.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"358adb37f881bf9fc64cf4cea24ce690792e958df702a705b2addda3295ad144\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1621, \"text_sha256\": \"358adb37f881bf9fc64cf4cea24ce690792e958df702a705b2addda3295ad144\"}\n[mbz-p7335116] Intestinal tubulin as possible target for the chemotherapeutic action of mebendazole in parasitic nematodes. (1981). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7335116/ DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(81)90064-5","source_key":"import-f2ec2007-88ff-5a96-a73b-8b5085e9cea9","source_title":"Mebendazole: the tubulin it binds, why that is selective, the crystal form that decides whether any of it works, and the off-target that became an oncology programme (2026-09-22)","claim_ids":["6bbd14b4-0bcd-5ed5-8fc7-780dfafea536"]}]},{"id":"5c29c8ca-8237-5d26-a4e8-d8126172428c","title":"Is the target tubulin, or the enzymes of parasite carbohydrate metabolism?","kind":"contradiction","status":"open","why":"The tubulin account is supported by direct binding measurements in several nematode species, by electron microscopy showing fewer and shorter microtubules, by the correlation between tubulin inhibition and egg hatch inhibition across the chemical series, and by a 1975 ultrastructural study in which the first change seen in the parasite gut is secretory granules stranded in the Golgi, which is what a transport failure looks like. Against that, mebendazole was the most potent of four benzimidazoles against purified helminth malate dehydrogenase, and in live infected mice it inhibited Echinococcus cyst wall pyruvate kinase by 85 to 88% and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase by 90 to 92%, more than albendazole did. Those authors name these enzymes as the important site of attack. The records are not directly comparable: the tubulin work measures binding constants and the metabolic work measures percentage inhibition at administered doses, and neither set establishes what concentration reaches the enzyme in a treated human. Both are recorded; the loss of glycogen in the 1975 study is consistent with either.","resolution":"Unresolved; needs review.","created_at":"2026-09-22 05:04:17","record_type":"conflict","display_label":"Recorded conflict","record_url":"/conflicts/5c29c8ca-8237-5d26-a4e8-d8126172428c","sides":[{"conflict_id":"5c29c8ca-8237-5d26-a4e8-d8126172428c","ordinal":0,"label":"The drug grips worm tubulin hundreds of times more tightly than ours, which is the usual explanation for why it is safe.","revision_id":"a2cd9c22-0549-52ca-a653-8a0c2362ec85","start_line":95,"end_line":106,"quote":"### mbz-selectivity-250-fold\nThe inhibition constants of mebendazole and fenbendazole for Ascaris suum embryonic tubulin were 1.9 x 10-8 and 6.5 x 10-8 molar while those for bovine brain tubulin were 7.3 x 10-6 and 1.7 x 10-5 molar, values 250 to 400 times greater, so that differential binding affinities between nematode and mammalian tubulin may explain the selective toxicity.\nCondition category: normal\nnutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms.\nplain_language: The drug grips worm tubulin hundreds of times more tightly than ours, which is the usual explanation for why it is safe.\norganism: Nematode and cattle\ntissue_or_cell_type: Embryonic nematode tubulin and bovine brain tubulin\nexperimental_model: Inhibition of tritiated colchicine binding to cytosolic tubulin from 8-day Ascaris suum embryos and from bovine brain\nlimitations: The founding selectivity result. It measures embryonic tubulin; the study in this collection that measured intestinal tubulin found a far smaller difference.\nexposure: Mebendazole and fenbendazole compared on the two tubulins in the same assay\nevidence_span: {\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/mebendazole-research/7388055.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"5613d7fb281b4fd39b17bfdbafaf0ea823fb63b928048a9dd112fb71bf4cd2b7\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1209, \"text_sha256\": \"5613d7fb281b4fd39b17bfdbafaf0ea823fb63b928048a9dd112fb71bf4cd2b7\"}\n[mbz-p7388055] Interaction of anthelmintic benzimidazoles with Ascaris suum embryonic tubulin. (1980). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7388055/ DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(80)90431-6","source_key":"import-f2ec2007-88ff-5a96-a73b-8b5085e9cea9","source_title":"Mebendazole: the tubulin it binds, why that is selective, the crystal form that decides whether any of it works, and the off-target that became an oncology programme (2026-09-22)","claim_ids":["cd993756-73c3-5f3e-bef0-2333ec27f3a5"]},{"conflict_id":"5c29c8ca-8237-5d26-a4e8-d8126172428c","ordinal":1,"label":"A rival account: the drug jams an enzyme of the worm’s sugar metabolism, and mebendazole does it hardest.","revision_id":"a2cd9c22-0549-52ca-a653-8a0c2362ec85","start_line":238,"end_line":249,"quote":"### mbz-inhibits-malate-dehydrogenase\nOf four benzimidazole anthelmintics tested on purified cytoplasmic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from Ascaris suum, Fasciola hepatica and Moniezia expansa, mebendazole exhibited the highest percentage inhibitions, and the authors conclude that cytoplasmic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase regulating glycogen synthesis are the sites of mebendazole inhibitory activity while the sites for the other anthelmintics remain unclear.\nCondition category: normal\nnutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms.\nplain_language: A rival account: the drug jams an enzyme of the worm’s sugar metabolism, and mebendazole does it hardest.\norganism: Helminth\ntissue_or_cell_type: Ascaris suum, Fasciola hepatica and Moniezia expansa\nexperimental_model: Inhibition assays on purified cytoplasmic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from three helminths\nlimitations: A competing target claim. Enzyme inhibition percentages in purified extracts do not establish that this happens at therapeutic concentrations in a living parasite.\nexposure: Albendazole, parbendazole, mebendazole and thiabendazole on purified enzyme extracts\nevidence_span: {\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/mebendazole-research/3617430.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"addd86672cc2c829b72354c05387892908f94c49f81e1236e372432c68a622fe\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 589, \"text_sha256\": \"addd86672cc2c829b72354c05387892908f94c49f81e1236e372432c68a622fe\"}\n[mbz-p3617430] Inhibition of malate dehydrogenase enzymes by benzimidazole anthelmintics. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3617430/ DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(87)90048-3","source_key":"import-f2ec2007-88ff-5a96-a73b-8b5085e9cea9","source_title":"Mebendazole: the tubulin it binds, why that is selective, the crystal form that decides whether any of it works, and the off-target that became an oncology programme (2026-09-22)","claim_ids":["5cb16e60-c487-565c-a1aa-7b855019e114"]},{"conflict_id":"5c29c8ca-8237-5d26-a4e8-d8126172428c","ordinal":2,"label":"In a live infection mebendazole shut down two sugar-handling enzymes almost completely, and did so harder than albendazole.","revision_id":"a2cd9c22-0549-52ca-a653-8a0c2362ec85","start_line":251,"end_line":262,"quote":"### mbz-inhibits-pk-and-pepck\nPyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities in the Echinococcus granulosus cyst wall were markedly inhibited by mebendazole and albendazole while fumarate hydratase activity showed no apparent change, with inhibition rates in the mebendazole group of 85 to 88% and 90 to 92% respectively against 55.3% and 71.6% in the albendazole group, suggesting that these two enzymes may be an important site attacked by effective anti-hydatid drugs.\nCondition category: normal\nnutrient_topic: Mebendazole research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and mebendazole is recorded separately from albendazole, from the benzimidazole class and from its own crystal forms.\nplain_language: In a live infection mebendazole shut down two sugar-handling enzymes almost completely, and did so harder than albendazole.\norganism: Cestode\ntissue_or_cell_type: Hydatid cyst wall\nexperimental_model: Enzyme activity assays on Echinococcus granulosus cyst wall from infected mice after 7 to 14 days of treatment\nlimitations: An in vivo enzyme measurement with a head-to-head dose comparison, though the doses are not equipotent and the cyst wall is one tissue.\nexposure: Mebendazole 25 to 50, albendazole 300 and praziquantel 500 milligrams per kilogram daily by gavage\nevidence_span: {\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/mebendazole-research/8010090.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"581715173f3b7176eda8a357166f1647196f646769b75ee7ca9070342a9c312b\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 933, \"text_sha256\": \"581715173f3b7176eda8a357166f1647196f646769b75ee7ca9070342a9c312b\"}\n[mbz-p8010090] Effects of mebendazole, albendazole, and praziquantel on fumarate hydratase, pyruvate kinase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase of Echinococcus granulosus cyst wall harbored in mice. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8010090/","source_key":"import-f2ec2007-88ff-5a96-a73b-8b5085e9cea9","source_title":"Mebendazole: the tubulin it binds, why that is selective, the crystal form that decides whether any of it works, and the off-target that became an oncology programme (2026-09-22)","claim_ids":["0aa3c843-80f7-58ed-9eee-a22cb5f410bc"]}]}],"corrections":[],"research":null}