{"id":"c91710f8-70b9-5083-8103-77cec90bfbe9","stable_key":"104835a3-b891-5dc4-a6bb-42ab7c6f96c4:butyrate-tight-junction-ampk","predicate":"modulates","statement":"Butyrate increased AMPK activity and accelerated tight-junction assembly in human Caco-2 monolayers; compound C abolished the improvement in electrical resistance.","claim_class":"mechanistic","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"context_dependent","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"0d05b1f7-9b5b-5bbe-aabb-b582a3e1cd5e","mechanism_event_label":"An energy-sensing pathway contributed to barrier assembly.","subject":{"id":"e7428a7f-d35a-5406-9904-a88984814833","slug":"butyrate","display_name":"Butyrate","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"object":{"id":"bf38462d-0c44-58c8-a619-befacd80fe54","slug":"human-butyrate-tight-junction-assembly","display_name":"Human Caco-2 tight-junction assembly after butyrate","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"0d05b1f7-9b5b-5bbe-aabb-b582a3e1cd5e","stable_key":"104835a3-b891-5dc4-a6bb-42ab7c6f96c4:butyrate-tight-junction-ampk-event","event_type":"observed_relationship","label":"An energy-sensing pathway contributed to barrier assembly.","description":"Butyrate increased AMPK activity and accelerated tight-junction assembly in human Caco-2 monolayers; compound C abolished the improvement in electrical resistance.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"e7428a7f-d35a-5406-9904-a88984814833","slug":"butyrate","display_name":"Butyrate","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"bf38462d-0c44-58c8-a619-befacd80fe54","slug":"human-butyrate-tight-junction-assembly","display_name":"Human Caco-2 tight-junction assembly after butyrate","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"95bc303f-ad04-59ea-8e1e-32f9e8b72c56","slug":"human-ampk-complexes","display_name":"Human AMP-activated protein kinase complexes","entity_type_key":"protein_family"},"role":"context_participant","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":2,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"e359bc15-e675-5d83-b0fe-1d70814e130b","slug":"calcium-ion","display_name":"Calcium ion","entity_type_key":"ion"},"role":"context_participant","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":3,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary abstract","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Human Caco-2 monolayers; calcium-switch and permeability assays.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Compound C is not uniquely specific for AMPK; this is a culture mechanism, not proven treatment of human intestinal permeability.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Butyrate collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"butyrate","display_name":"Butyrate","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"An energy-sensing pathway contributed to barrier assembly.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"Butyrate enhances the intestinal barrier by facilitating tight junction assembly via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in Caco-2 cell monolayers. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19625695/ · DOI 10.3945/jn.109.104638","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"f1e1d697-a093-5bbc-b301-463be7a4d076","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 262-268","start_line":262,"end_line":268,"excerpt":"## butyrate-tight-junction-ampk\nAn energy-sensing pathway contributed to barrier assembly.\nButyrate increased AMPK activity and accelerated tight-junction assembly in human Caco-2 monolayers; compound C abolished the improvement in electrical resistance.\nModel: Human Caco-2 monolayers; calcium-switch and permeability assays.\nLimitations: Compound C is not uniquely specific for AMPK; this is a culture mechanism, not proven treatment of human intestinal permeability.\nEvidence access: Primary abstract\nButyrate enhances the intestinal barrier by facilitating tight junction assembly via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in Caco-2 cell monolayers. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19625695/ · DOI 10.3945/jn.109.104638","model_system":"Human Caco-2 monolayers; calcium-switch and permeability assays.","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Original curation paraphrase; evidence access and experimental limitations specified.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"33205bb8-dcbe-5d2c-afca-86075d7748d1","stable_key":"import-104835a3-b891-5dc4-a6bb-42ab7c6f96c4","title":"Butyrate: microbial production, fuel use, signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. 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