{"id":"a4699099-0282-53d3-900e-d16cc3868fd1","stable_key":"cab605fe-8a82-5191-9966-d19a9628c24c:betalains-vulgaxanthin-i-mouse-prooxidant","predicate":"increases","statement":"Vulgaxanthin-i increased ROS beyond the hydrogen-peroxide-challenged level in RAW 264.7 cells.","claim_class":"mechanistic","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"positive","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"a6912437-acef-5a33-b2e7-a8d3fa6fd19f","mechanism_event_label":"Vulgaxanthin-i increased ROS beyond the hydrogen-peroxide-challenged level in RAW 264.7 cells.","subject":{"id":"13f4cf3a-b2e5-5851-a2e8-5a541abcd582","slug":"vulgaxanthin-i","display_name":"Vulgaxanthin I","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"object":{"id":"c7ee5337-366e-5ae2-a935-be53ed3cb0cf","slug":"mouse-raw2647-ros-generation","display_name":"Reactive oxygen species generation in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"a6912437-acef-5a33-b2e7-a8d3fa6fd19f","stable_key":"cab605fe-8a82-5191-9966-d19a9628c24c:betalains-vulgaxanthin-i-mouse-prooxidant-event","event_type":"observed_relationship","label":"Vulgaxanthin-i increased ROS beyond the hydrogen-peroxide-challenged level in RAW 264.7 cells.","description":"Vulgaxanthin-i increased ROS beyond the hydrogen-peroxide-challenged level in RAW 264.7 cells.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"13f4cf3a-b2e5-5851-a2e8-5a541abcd582","slug":"vulgaxanthin-i","display_name":"Vulgaxanthin I","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"c7ee5337-366e-5ae2-a935-be53ed3cb0cf","slug":"mouse-raw2647-ros-generation","display_name":"Reactive oxygen species generation in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"da9d64bc-69d4-5d97-90a4-8f0ed03e0ac8","slug":"hydrogen-peroxide","display_name":"Hydrogen peroxide","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"context_participant","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":2,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"dose","value_text":"Individual pigments 1-100 micromolar; LPS inflammatory stimulation or hydrogen peroxide oxidative challenge","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"duration","value_text":"Not specified in accessed primary abstract","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary PubMed abstract; detailed exposure for PMID 23931157 additionally checked in publisher results. No uninspected full text is claimed.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"evidence_scope","value_text":"literature_reviewed; source-derived curation, not universally established human effects","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Mouse-cell results are separate from human intestinal assays. Pro-oxidant effects under peroxide challenge do not imply every dietary exposure is harmful. Context difference from intestinal anti-inflammatory findings; not a contradiction or a universal pigment property.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Betalains collection; each molecular form, species, exposure and preparation remains explicit.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"betalains","display_name":"Betalains","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"organism","value_text":"Mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"Vulgaxanthin-i increased ROS beyond the hydrogen-peroxide-challenged level in RAW 264.7 cells.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"Differential Effects of Betacyanin and Betaxanthin Pigments on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in Murine Macrophages. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37203590/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200583","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"route","value_text":"In vitro exposure","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"tissue","value_text":"Macrophages","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"324e8531-d771-5f6e-a19e-f4fb31a5780f","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 447-455","start_line":447,"end_line":455,"excerpt":"## betalains-vulgaxanthin-i-mouse-prooxidant\nVulgaxanthin-i increased ROS beyond the hydrogen-peroxide-challenged level in RAW 264.7 cells.\nModel/species: Mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages\nTissue: Macrophages\nExposure: Individual pigments 1-100 micromolar; LPS inflammatory stimulation or hydrogen peroxide oxidative challenge\nRoute: In vitro exposure\nDuration: Not specified in accessed primary abstract\nLimits: Mouse-cell results are separate from human intestinal assays. Pro-oxidant effects under peroxide challenge do not imply every dietary exposure is harmful. Context difference from intestinal anti-inflammatory findings; not a contradiction or a universal pigment property.\nPrimary reference: Differential Effects of Betacyanin and Betaxanthin Pigments on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in Murine Macrophages. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37203590/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200583","model_system":"Mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Exact archived curation span; an original paraphrase with an individually identified primary reference.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"be94d093-444c-5729-8831-bc33b0ef2fd7","stable_key":"import-cab605fe-8a82-5191-9966-d19a9628c24c","title":"Betalains: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"Original AI-assisted curation of twelve primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. 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