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topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect.\nplain_language: A B1 derivative increased a carbon-transfer enzyme activity in the diabetic retina.\norganism: Bos taurus; Rattus norvegicus\ntissue_or_cell_type: Endothelial cultures and retina\nexperimental_model: High-glucose bovine endothelial cells and diabetic rat retinal experiments.\nlimitations: Pharmacological derivative in bovine endothelial cells/diabetic rats; not proof of human dietary-thiamine benefit or direct NADPH production by transketolase.\nexposure: Pharmacological benfotiamine in high-glucose bovine endothelial cells and diabetic rat retina; not ordinary dietary thiamine.\n[b1-hammes2003] Benfotiamine blocks three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage and prevents experimental diabetic retinopathy (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12592403/ DOI: 10.1038/nm834","model_system":"High-glucose bovine endothelial cells and diabetic rat retinal experiments.","directness":"author_interpretation","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Exact curation-document quotation, not publisher quotation. 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