{"id":"65da1315-8e70-536d-bad3-72e85a5bc64c","stable_key":"104835a3-b891-5dc4-a6bb-42ab7c6f96c4:butyrate-macrophage-metabolism","predicate":"modulates","statement":"Butyrate-differentiated macrophages showed reduced mTOR activity, increased LC3-associated defense and antimicrobial peptide expression alongside metabolic remodeling.","claim_class":"mechanistic","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"context_dependent","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"47985344-9831-5cdc-a923-5c552dd27d58","mechanism_event_label":"The immune cells changed both their fuel program and defensive machinery.","subject":{"id":"e7428a7f-d35a-5406-9904-a88984814833","slug":"butyrate","display_name":"Butyrate","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"object":{"id":"52724eaf-d447-598f-92d5-adfb0244d18b","slug":"human-butyrate-macrophage-metabolism","display_name":"Metabolic program of butyrate-differentiated human macrophages","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"47985344-9831-5cdc-a923-5c552dd27d58","stable_key":"104835a3-b891-5dc4-a6bb-42ab7c6f96c4:butyrate-macrophage-metabolism-event","event_type":"observed_relationship","label":"The immune cells changed both their fuel program and defensive machinery.","description":"Butyrate-differentiated macrophages showed reduced mTOR activity, increased LC3-associated defense and antimicrobial peptide expression alongside metabolic remodeling.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"e7428a7f-d35a-5406-9904-a88984814833","slug":"butyrate","display_name":"Butyrate","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"52724eaf-d447-598f-92d5-adfb0244d18b","slug":"human-butyrate-macrophage-metabolism","display_name":"Metabolic program of butyrate-differentiated human macrophages","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary abstract","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Human monocyte/macrophage experiments.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"LC3 association is not by itself proof of increased complete autophagic flux or direct butyrate binding to mTOR.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Butyrate collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"butyrate","display_name":"Butyrate","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"The immune cells changed both their fuel program and defensive machinery.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"The Short Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate Imprints an Antimicrobial Program in Macrophages. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30683619/ · DOI 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.018","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"3c446290-fafa-50e2-868c-362587ccd0b5","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 406-412","start_line":406,"end_line":412,"excerpt":"## butyrate-macrophage-metabolism\nThe immune cells changed both their fuel program and defensive machinery.\nButyrate-differentiated macrophages showed reduced mTOR activity, increased LC3-associated defense and antimicrobial peptide expression alongside metabolic remodeling.\nModel: Human monocyte/macrophage experiments.\nLimitations: LC3 association is not by itself proof of increased complete autophagic flux or direct butyrate binding to mTOR.\nEvidence access: Primary abstract\nThe Short Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate Imprints an Antimicrobial Program in Macrophages. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30683619/ · DOI 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.018","model_system":"Human monocyte/macrophage experiments.","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Original curation paraphrase; evidence access and experimental limitations specified.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"33205bb8-dcbe-5d2c-afca-86075d7748d1","stable_key":"import-104835a3-b891-5dc4-a6bb-42ab7c6f96c4","title":"Butyrate: microbial production, fuel use, signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. 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