{"id":"42f1c20b-25d3-5673-bf7a-ee8f53e622ae","stable_key":"6660bba2-4fa0-590a-bf52-9803a24bea9f:late-exposure","predicate":"increases_in_recorded_experiment","statement":"Armodafinil had higher dose-normalized late exposure than racemic modafinil despite similar approximately 13-hour terminal half-lives in the pooled single-dose studies.","claim_class":"observational","status":"source_recorded","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"positive","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"cb6689c0-d050-564f-bd5d-46ddf7269e2a","mechanism_event_label":"Armodafinil had higher dose-normalized late exposure than racemic modafinil despite similar approximately 13-hour terminal half-lives in the pooled single-dose studies.","subject":{"id":"a61c79bf-b0f9-5c6e-a465-2e210f77a5ac","slug":"armodafinil","display_name":"Armodafinil / R-modafinil","entity_type_key":"drug"},"object":{"id":"e9d83b04-4110-51b9-9726-ad3a1386e1c4","slug":"human-armodafinil-exposure","display_name":"Human armodafinil plasma exposure","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"cb6689c0-d050-564f-bd5d-46ddf7269e2a","stable_key":"6660bba2-4fa0-590a-bf52-9803a24bea9f:late-exposure-event","event_type":"experimental_observation","label":"Armodafinil had higher dose-normalized late exposure than racemic modafinil despite similar approximately 13-hour terminal half-lives in the pooled single-dose studies.","description":"S-modafinil disappears more rapidly from plasma. A pooled analysis of three single-dose studies found similar terminal half-lives, approximately 13 hours, for racemic modafinil and armodafinil, but higher dose-normalized late exposure with armodafinil. The racemate's early decline reflected removal of its faster-cleared S component. A single terminal half-life therefore conceals meaningful differences in the exposure curve. These data do not establish universal clinical superiority of either formulation. [Comparative human pharmacokinetics](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19663523/)","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"a61c79bf-b0f9-5c6e-a465-2e210f77a5ac","slug":"armodafinil","display_name":"Armodafinil / R-modafinil","entity_type_key":"drug"},"role":"tested factor","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"Armodafinil","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"e9d83b04-4110-51b9-9726-ad3a1386e1c4","slug":"human-armodafinil-exposure","display_name":"Human armodafinil plasma exposure","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"measured outcome","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"increase","sequence_order":1,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"624e6a4b-f96d-5d12-8206-30d1e1715c26","slug":"modafinil","display_name":"Modafinil","entity_type_key":"drug"},"role":"comparative racemate","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":2,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"40c093ed-e736-5927-aecb-711a301b235a","slug":"s-modafinil","display_name":"S-modafinil","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"faster-cleared component","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":3,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary indexed abstract checked; full methods and figures not comprehensively reviewed.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_contrast","value_text":"{\"intervention\": \"Armodafinil\", \"comparator\": \"Dose-normalized racemic modafinil\", \"endpoint\": \"Armodafinil had higher dose-normalized late exposure than racemic modafinil despite similar approximately 13-hour terminal half-lives in the pooled single-dose studies.\", \"effect_direction\": \"increase\", \"combination\": \"single\", \"conditions\": []}","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"Explicit extracted experimental comparison; source-derived draft.","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Three pooled human single-dose pharmacokinetic studies.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"interpretation_status","value_text":"Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Interpret only within the recorded preparation, exposure and comparator. The complete source passage retains qualifications; unspecified doses/timing have not been extracted here. No clinical efficacy, nutrient deficiency or unique molecular mediation is inferred.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"Armodafinil had higher dose-normalized late exposure than racemic modafinil despite similar approximately 13-hour terminal half-lives in the pooled single-dose studies.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"Armodafinil and modafinil have substantially different pharmacokinetic profiles despite having the same terminal half-lives: analysis of data from three randomized, single-dose, pharmacokinetic studies. | 2009 | DOI 10.2165/11315280-000000000-00000 | PMID 19663523 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19663523/","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"source_locator","value_text":"Reviewed reference lines 19-19; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"aacf4dfa-e5bd-5c0e-81dd-1f905fa99b04","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 19-19","start_line":19,"end_line":19,"excerpt":"S-modafinil disappears more rapidly from plasma. A pooled analysis of three single-dose studies found similar terminal half-lives, approximately 13 hours, for racemic modafinil and armodafinil, but higher dose-normalized late exposure with armodafinil. The racemate's early decline reflected removal of its faster-cleared S component. A single terminal half-life therefore conceals meaningful differences in the exposure curve. These data do not establish universal clinical superiority of either formulation. [Comparative human pharmacokinetics](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19663523/)","model_system":"Three pooled human single-dose pharmacokinetic studies.","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_recorded","notes":"Exact excerpt of the retained AI-assisted reviewed reference; primary sources are cited in primary_references and access scope is retained. 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