{"id":"39f4bae5-a42e-52d7-b957-bc9643e012ee","stable_key":"a8bedee0-a740-5bbb-921e-bfd144c7b68c:astaxanthin-glutathione-human","predicate":"increases_measured","statement":"In 14 active young men, 6 mg/day for four weeks increased whole-blood glutathione by approximately 7%, while fat oxidation, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde did not change.","claim_class":"observational","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"context_dependent","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"1c1e51be-8944-52ff-badb-7db57591dec3","mechanism_event_label":"A glutathione measurement improved without a corresponding exercise-fuel effect.","subject":{"id":"1bf8b9c0-9c38-5c8a-b5da-f00b0eeca36f","slug":"astaxanthin","display_name":"Astaxanthin","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"object":{"id":"b44c9e27-4bbb-52d3-a022-14cddded5073","slug":"glutathione","display_name":"GSH","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"1c1e51be-8944-52ff-badb-7db57591dec3","stable_key":"a8bedee0-a740-5bbb-921e-bfd144c7b68c:astaxanthin-glutathione-human-event","event_type":"observed_relationship","label":"A glutathione measurement improved without a corresponding exercise-fuel effect.","description":"In 14 active young men, 6 mg/day for four weeks increased whole-blood glutathione by approximately 7%, while fat oxidation, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde did not change.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"1bf8b9c0-9c38-5c8a-b5da-f00b0eeca36f","slug":"astaxanthin","display_name":"Astaxanthin","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"b44c9e27-4bbb-52d3-a022-14cddded5073","slug":"glutathione","display_name":"GSH","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary abstract","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Human crossover trial with one-week washout.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Blood abundance is not synthesis flux, tissue sufficiency or evidence that selenium, B6 or glutathione supplementation adds benefit.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Astaxanthin collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"astaxanthin","display_name":"Astaxanthin","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"A glutathione measurement improved without a corresponding exercise-fuel effect.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"Astaxanthin Supplementation Increases Glutathione Concentrations but Does Not Impact Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Active Young Men. · 2022 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34611051/ · DOI 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0138","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"3690d09e-90db-5704-8d98-7ff48fd59d9a","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 446-452","start_line":446,"end_line":452,"excerpt":"## astaxanthin-glutathione-human\nA glutathione measurement improved without a corresponding exercise-fuel effect.\nIn 14 active young men, 6 mg/day for four weeks increased whole-blood glutathione by approximately 7%, while fat oxidation, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde did not change.\nModel: Human crossover trial with one-week washout.\nLimitations: Blood abundance is not synthesis flux, tissue sufficiency or evidence that selenium, B6 or glutathione supplementation adds benefit.\nEvidence access: Primary abstract\nAstaxanthin Supplementation Increases Glutathione Concentrations but Does Not Impact Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Active Young Men. · 2022 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34611051/ · DOI 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0138","model_system":"Human crossover trial with one-week washout.","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Original curation paraphrase; evidence access and experimental limitations specified.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"4fd91ea6-78b4-5bfe-93e3-686fbef9f678","stable_key":"import-a8bedee0-a740-5bbb-921e-bfd144c7b68c","title":"Astaxanthin: transport, membrane chemistry, signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. 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