{"id":"32023e61-16e2-5762-a103-f863a3f3deb9","stable_key":"c8c7aa13-14c6-5f5c-9afc-9217d0f2f736:hfcs-human-gip-null","predicate":"no_detected_stimulation","statement":"Fructose did not stimulate GIP release, whereas glucose did in the paired human challenge.","claim_class":"mechanistic","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"neutral","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"6f9e0fe5-164b-57a8-94af-71465b5db4f1","mechanism_event_label":"Fructose did not stimulate GIP release, whereas glucose did in the paired human challenge.","subject":{"id":"3c379840-5688-5b5d-84c0-5950b4fd8f17","slug":"fructose","display_name":"Fructose","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"object":{"id":"29cda9ea-9611-5b32-9577-1ad107c30dce","slug":"human-fructose-gip-response","display_name":"Human GIP response to oral fructose","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"6f9e0fe5-164b-57a8-94af-71465b5db4f1","stable_key":"c8c7aa13-14c6-5f5c-9afc-9217d0f2f736:hfcs-human-gip-null-event","event_type":"observed_relationship","label":"Fructose did not stimulate GIP release, whereas glucose did in the paired human challenge.","description":"Fructose did not stimulate GIP release, whereas glucose did in the paired human challenge.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"3c379840-5688-5b5d-84c0-5950b4fd8f17","slug":"fructose","display_name":"Fructose","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"29cda9ea-9611-5b32-9577-1ad107c30dce","slug":"human-fructose-gip-response","display_name":"Human GIP response to oral fructose","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"d15fc777-bf15-56ad-8aa0-b2be9a495bcf","slug":"gip","display_name":"Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide / GIP","entity_type_key":"peptide"},"role":"context_participant","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":2,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"8ae7848b-f172-5e09-8acf-5ca914907b0b","slug":"glucose","display_name":"D-glucose","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"context_participant","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":3,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"dose","value_text":"75 g fructose or glucose in 300 mL water after overnight fast","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"duration","value_text":"120 min","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"evidence_scope","value_text":"literature_reviewed; source-specific curation","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Nine healthy adults, paired single-blinded challenges","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"exposure_scope","value_text":"Isolated fructose / peptide response","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Pure fructose stimulated some hormones less than glucose, but was not hormonally inert; not an HFCS meal or chronic satiety study.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"HFCS chapter: actual formulation studies, component biochemistry and interventions are explicitly distinguished.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"high-fructose-corn-syrup","display_name":"High-Fructose Corn Syrup / HFCS","entity_type_key":"chemical_species"}},{"dimension":"organism","value_text":"Nine healthy adults, paired single-blinded challenges","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"Fructose did not stimulate GIP release, whereas glucose did in the paired human challenge.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"Fructose stimulates GLP-1 but not GIP secretion in mice, rats, and humans. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24525020/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00372.2013","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"route","value_text":"Oral solution","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"tissue","value_text":"Plasma gut-hormone response","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"7fb556b7-b171-5b5c-9077-f666ba862af8","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 461-471","start_line":461,"end_line":471,"excerpt":"## hfcs-human-gip-null\nFructose did not stimulate GIP release, whereas glucose did in the paired human challenge.\nModel/species: Nine healthy adults, paired single-blinded challenges\nTissue: Plasma gut-hormone response\nExposure: 75 g fructose or glucose in 300 mL water after overnight fast\nRoute: Oral solution\nDuration: 120 min\nExposure scope: Isolated fructose / peptide response\nLimits: Pure fructose stimulated some hormones less than glucose, but was not hormonally inert; not an HFCS meal or chronic satiety study.\nReference: Fructose stimulates GLP-1 but not GIP secretion in mice, rats, and humans. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24525020/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00372.2013\nAccess: Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.","model_system":"Nine healthy adults, paired single-blinded challenges","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Exact original curation span, not a publisher quotation; provenance retained.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"e863ddf6-7c1e-5a70-8335-7f3ac3eeee92","stable_key":"import-c8c7aa13-14c6-5f5c-9afc-9217d0f2f736","title":"High-Fructose Corn Syrup: mechanism of action and metabolic impact (2026-09-20)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"Original AI-assisted curation of twenty primary studies and official FDA composition information, with one reused canonical glucose-transport claim. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text.","file_path":"","sha256":"f4721923a83b368d549ba110a4f8c8738026210b32f6d29f3bd3200aa420f3b3","revision_id":"45827d73-cb6d-5aff-969b-af364b74b168","review_status":"unverified_draft","notes":""}}],"relations":[],"conflicts":[],"corrections":[],"research":null}