{"id":"2fe497cb-aa26-5e92-974a-884356926bb3","stable_key":"cab605fe-8a82-5191-9966-d19a9628c24c:betalains-caco2-hmox1","predicate":"increases_expression","statement":"Betanin increased heme oxygenase-1 in the Caco-2 comparison; the two tested betaxanthins did not share this response.","claim_class":"mechanistic","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"positive","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"f5611b87-5bf1-5d37-bae3-0784d1bd91fd","mechanism_event_label":"Betanin increased heme oxygenase-1 in the Caco-2 comparison; the two tested betaxanthins did not share this response.","subject":{"id":"6c12bb61-c9c2-5c6d-a087-a292145ccaf0","slug":"betanin","display_name":"Betanin","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"object":{"id":"26298c7c-5265-5bf5-a435-e0fa98a3ac10","slug":"hmox1","display_name":"Human heme oxygenase 1 / HMOX1","entity_type_key":"protein"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"f5611b87-5bf1-5d37-bae3-0784d1bd91fd","stable_key":"cab605fe-8a82-5191-9966-d19a9628c24c:betalains-caco2-hmox1-event","event_type":"observed_relationship","label":"Betanin increased heme oxygenase-1 in the Caco-2 comparison; the two tested betaxanthins did not share this response.","description":"Betanin increased heme oxygenase-1 in the Caco-2 comparison; the two tested betaxanthins did not share this response.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"6c12bb61-c9c2-5c6d-a087-a292145ccaf0","slug":"betanin","display_name":"Betanin","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"26298c7c-5265-5bf5-a435-e0fa98a3ac10","slug":"hmox1","display_name":"Human heme oxygenase 1 / HMOX1","entity_type_key":"protein"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"dose","value_text":"Betalains 5-80 micromolar","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"duration","value_text":"Not specified in accessed primary abstract","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary PubMed abstract; detailed exposure for PMID 23931157 additionally checked in publisher results. No uninspected full text is claimed.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"evidence_scope","value_text":"literature_reviewed; source-derived curation, not universally established human effects","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell model","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Low apparent permeability in cultured cells is not a measured human oral bioavailability fraction; findings depend on pigment and assay. Expression response in this cell model; not direct HMOX1 activation or a demonstrated increase in heme turnover.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Betalains collection; each molecular form, species, exposure and preparation remains explicit.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"betalains","display_name":"Betalains","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"organism","value_text":"Human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell model","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"Betanin increased heme oxygenase-1 in the Caco-2 comparison; the two tested betaxanthins did not share this response.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"Uptake and Immunomodulatory Properties of Betanin, Vulgaxanthin I and Indicaxanthin towards Caco-2 Intestinal Cells. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36009345/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081627","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"route","value_text":"In vitro exposure","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"tissue","value_text":"Intestinal cells and monolayer transport","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"865f60a7-6fac-509d-b508-2f7f700565db","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 357-365","start_line":357,"end_line":365,"excerpt":"## betalains-caco2-hmox1\nBetanin increased heme oxygenase-1 in the Caco-2 comparison; the two tested betaxanthins did not share this response.\nModel/species: Human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell model\nTissue: Intestinal cells and monolayer transport\nExposure: Betalains 5-80 micromolar\nRoute: In vitro exposure\nDuration: Not specified in accessed primary abstract\nLimits: Low apparent permeability in cultured cells is not a measured human oral bioavailability fraction; findings depend on pigment and assay. Expression response in this cell model; not direct HMOX1 activation or a demonstrated increase in heme turnover.\nPrimary reference: Uptake and Immunomodulatory Properties of Betanin, Vulgaxanthin I and Indicaxanthin towards Caco-2 Intestinal Cells. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36009345/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081627","model_system":"Human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell model","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Exact archived curation span; an original paraphrase with an individually identified primary reference.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"be94d093-444c-5729-8831-bc33b0ef2fd7","stable_key":"import-cab605fe-8a82-5191-9966-d19a9628c24c","title":"Betalains: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"Original AI-assisted curation of twelve primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text.","file_path":"","sha256":"adb4fb8586481a69da5d2fe5cf62ad1dae2509af524352673fc7427123eeda87","revision_id":"a328b3f9-66d2-59e2-bd8f-de651c3c7649","review_status":"unverified_draft","notes":""}}],"relations":[],"conflicts":[],"corrections":[],"research":null}