{"id":"21ab4c87-fe4b-59db-ab3a-fd9be319bac6","stable_key":"6cdb37aa-8998-5ea8-829d-4f995caf98fc:l-carnitine-low-work-glycogen","predicate":"with_carbohydrate_reduces","statement":"After the loading regimen, muscle glycogen use at 50% exercise intensity was 55% lower than in carbohydrate-only controls.","claim_class":"observational","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"context_dependent","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"36f41ed5-1ffb-5047-9b30-c4d13a296c10","mechanism_event_label":"The fuel effect changed with exercise demand.","subject":{"id":"6e34c035-9371-578f-b799-fd2a14e9e40f","slug":"l-carnitine","display_name":"L-Carnitine","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"object":{"id":"32044396-edea-58e1-99a5-adba02193e48","slug":"human-muscle-glycogen-use","display_name":"Human exercise muscle glycogen utilization","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"36f41ed5-1ffb-5047-9b30-c4d13a296c10","stable_key":"6cdb37aa-8998-5ea8-829d-4f995caf98fc:l-carnitine-low-work-glycogen-event","event_type":"observed_relationship","label":"The fuel effect changed with exercise demand.","description":"After the loading regimen, muscle glycogen use at 50% exercise intensity was 55% lower than in carbohydrate-only controls.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"6e34c035-9371-578f-b799-fd2a14e9e40f","slug":"l-carnitine","display_name":"L-Carnitine","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"32044396-edea-58e1-99a5-adba02193e48","slug":"human-muscle-glycogen-use","display_name":"Human exercise muscle glycogen utilization","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"06892089-1ad6-5645-80b2-6e949d6489ee","slug":"human-muscle-total-carnitine","display_name":"Human skeletal-muscle total carnitine content","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"context_participant","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":2,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary abstract","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Same 24-week trial; muscle biopsies during cycling.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Glycogen sparing is compatible with more fat use, but is not proof of body-fat loss.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"L-Carnitine collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"l-carnitine","display_name":"L-Carnitine","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"The fuel effect changed with exercise demand.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"Chronic oral ingestion of L-carnitine and carbohydrate increases muscle carnitine content and alters muscle fuel metabolism during exercise in humans. · 2011 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21224234/ · DOI 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.201343","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"8c231c0f-a1e5-5820-a72b-a66da15cc185","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 194-200","start_line":194,"end_line":200,"excerpt":"## l-carnitine-low-work-glycogen\nThe fuel effect changed with exercise demand.\nAfter the loading regimen, muscle glycogen use at 50% exercise intensity was 55% lower than in carbohydrate-only controls.\nModel: Same 24-week trial; muscle biopsies during cycling.\nLimitations: Glycogen sparing is compatible with more fat use, but is not proof of body-fat loss.\nEvidence access: Primary abstract\nChronic oral ingestion of L-carnitine and carbohydrate increases muscle carnitine content and alters muscle fuel metabolism during exercise in humans. · 2011 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21224234/ · DOI 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.201343","model_system":"Same 24-week trial; muscle biopsies during cycling.","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Original curation paraphrase; evidence access and experimental limitations specified.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"e2c9c42b-806a-55e2-abde-b0320ea94704","stable_key":"import-6cdb37aa-8998-5ea8-829d-4f995caf98fc","title":"L-Carnitine: synthesis, acyl-group transport, fuel selection and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text.","file_path":"","sha256":"6fcd86d9d02babb48b2ce658d506afe84580ad4b242f93f11f742d934fa5b361","revision_id":"398e3b52-45bc-52e3-891e-656c19ca674f","review_status":"unverified_draft","notes":""}}],"relations":[],"conflicts":[],"corrections":[],"research":null}