{"id":"1e60fa8d-846d-552c-b4a7-beb4e5bf039c","stable_key":"bf161ddf-8b82-5d65-b86d-0b41245aac61:phlorizin-rat-metabolites","predicate":"forms","statement":"High-dose rat studies identified hydroxylated, reduced, methylated, acetylated, sulfated and glucuronidated phlorizin metabolites in plasma, urine or feces.","claim_class":"observational","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"positive","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"14b42f83-9513-5f2c-8826-603ff74c18a3","mechanism_event_label":"High-dose rat studies identified hydroxylated, reduced, methylated, acetylated, sulfated and glucuronidated phlorizin metabolites in plasma, urine or feces.","subject":{"id":"3516a0ba-1f72-5e1b-bccb-7fca992f96f7","slug":"phlorizin","display_name":"Phlorizin","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"object":{"id":"384b2a69-2e0e-50ee-9f58-bd62cc50f688","slug":"rat-phlorizin-phase1-phase2-metabolites","display_name":"Rat phlorizin phase-I and phase-II metabolite pool","entity_type_key":"chemical_species"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"14b42f83-9513-5f2c-8826-603ff74c18a3","stable_key":"bf161ddf-8b82-5d65-b86d-0b41245aac61:phlorizin-rat-metabolites-event","event_type":"observed_relationship","label":"High-dose rat studies identified hydroxylated, reduced, methylated, acetylated, sulfated and glucuronidated phlorizin metabolites in plasma, urine or feces.","description":"High-dose rat studies identified hydroxylated, reduced, methylated, acetylated, sulfated and glucuronidated phlorizin metabolites in plasma, urine or feces.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"3516a0ba-1f72-5e1b-bccb-7fca992f96f7","slug":"phlorizin","display_name":"Phlorizin","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"384b2a69-2e0e-50ee-9f58-bd62cc50f688","slug":"rat-phlorizin-phase1-phase2-metabolites","display_name":"Rat phlorizin phase-I and phase-II metabolite pool","entity_type_key":"chemical_species"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"dose","value_text":"Phlorizin; reported pharmacokinetic arm included 400 mg/kg intraperitoneally","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"duration","value_text":"1-6 hour parent/aglycone peaks and excretion sampling","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"evidence_scope","value_text":"literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Sprague-Dawley rats","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"The dose is very high; proposed stronger metabolite inhibition of SGLTs came from docking, not functional transport experiments.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Phlorizin chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"phlorizin","display_name":"Phlorizin","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"organism","value_text":"Sprague-Dawley rats","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"High-dose rat studies identified hydroxylated, reduced, methylated, acetylated, sulfated and glucuronidated phlorizin metabolites in plasma, urine or feces.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"A pharmacokinetic study to correlate the hypoglycemic effect of phlorizin in rats: Identification of metabolites as inhibitors of sodium/glucose cotransporters. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37464563/ DOI: 10.1002/jms.4964","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"route","value_text":"Intraperitoneal and sampled excreta; oral samples also described","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"tissue","value_text":"LC-MS/MS pharmacokinetics and metabolite identification","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"0a2b02cd-becd-5f60-bf9a-726491cbfcb0","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 88-97","start_line":88,"end_line":97,"excerpt":"## phlorizin-rat-metabolites\nHigh-dose rat studies identified hydroxylated, reduced, methylated, acetylated, sulfated and glucuronidated phlorizin metabolites in plasma, urine or feces.\nModel/species: Sprague-Dawley rats\nTissue/system: LC-MS/MS pharmacokinetics and metabolite identification\nExposure: Phlorizin; reported pharmacokinetic arm included 400 mg/kg intraperitoneally\nRoute: Intraperitoneal and sampled excreta; oral samples also described\nDuration: 1-6 hour parent/aglycone peaks and excretion sampling\nLimits: The dose is very high; proposed stronger metabolite inhibition of SGLTs came from docking, not functional transport experiments.\nPrimary reference: A pharmacokinetic study to correlate the hypoglycemic effect of phlorizin in rats: Identification of metabolites as inhibitors of sodium/glucose cotransporters. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37464563/ DOI: 10.1002/jms.4964\nAccess: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.","model_system":"Sprague-Dawley rats","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Exact original curation span with primary citation; not a publisher quotation.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"7d4bfcb9-1665-5686-8b8a-1ad17ad6a4d2","stable_key":"import-bf161ddf-8b82-5d65-b86d-0b41245aac61","title":"Phlorizin: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text.","file_path":"","sha256":"13aa8f888801708147608784e74ad34d625b10fd76ea5afd542a3f9328bd40e2","revision_id":"6997ff77-8628-59b7-878c-95fed9d6a622","review_status":"unverified_draft","notes":""}}],"relations":[],"conflicts":[],"corrections":[],"research":null}