{"id":"1a560a71-9fd1-5d50-bc2e-5639016a1e49","stable_key":"31b1baa4-4113-5541-b9e7-fe44a5253a07:pig-shikimic-acid-oral-exposure","predicate":"reported_relationship","statement":"Oral shikimic acid produced Cmax 10823.44 ng/mL and estimated bioavailability 21.68% in pigs.","claim_class":"observational","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"neutral","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"bdb5f6f9-f81c-540c-bb11-7067aef84bf0","mechanism_event_label":"Oral shikimic acid produced Cmax 10823.44 ng/mL and estimated bioavailability 21.68% in pigs.","subject":{"id":"67ad4a8f-1bf6-59e5-90a6-97b7709024d3","slug":"shikimic-acid","display_name":"Shikimic acid","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"object":{"id":"1437be99-0c06-5142-a244-451950384216","slug":"pig-shikimic-acid-oral-exposure","display_name":"Pig oral shikimic-acid exposure","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"bdb5f6f9-f81c-540c-bb11-7067aef84bf0","stable_key":"31b1baa4-4113-5541-b9e7-fe44a5253a07:pig-shikimic-acid-oral-exposure-event","event_type":"experimental_observation","label":"Oral shikimic acid produced Cmax 10823.44 ng/mL and estimated bioavailability 21.68% in pigs.","description":"**Pig exposure is not a human pharmacokinetic estimate.** In a six-pig crossover study, 50 mg/kg intragastric shikimic acid produced Cmax 10823.44 ng/mL (calculated 62.15 µM), Tmax 1.78 h and half-life 1.81 h. With a 2 mg/kg intravenous comparator, estimated bioavailability was 21.68%; intravenous half-life was 3.66 h. Rapid plasma C3, C4 and immunoglobulin changes correlated with drug concentration. This is not proof of new antibody synthesis or improved infection resistance. PK–PD fits to healthy pigs cannot supply an effective human dose. [Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of the Immune-Enhancing Effect of Shikimic Acid in Growing Pigs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39542831/)","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"67ad4a8f-1bf6-59e5-90a6-97b7709024d3","slug":"shikimic-acid","display_name":"Shikimic acid","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"tested factor","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"as reported","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"1437be99-0c06-5142-a244-451950384216","slug":"pig-shikimic-acid-oral-exposure","display_name":"Pig oral shikimic-acid exposure","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"measured outcome","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"not_reported","sequence_order":1,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figures reviewed. Selective extraction, not raw-data reanalysis or exhaustive supplemental extraction.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Six growing pigs, crossover; oral 50 mg/kg versus intravenous 2 mg/kg.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"interpretation_status","value_text":"Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Species/route-specific pharmacokinetic estimate, not human exposure. Rat nominal-dose arithmetic caveat and complete time parameters remain in the source passage.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"Oral shikimic acid produced Cmax 10823.44 ng/mL and estimated bioavailability 21.68% in pigs.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of the Immune-Enhancing Effect of Shikimic Acid in Growing Pigs. | 2024 | DOI 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c09250 | PMID 39542831 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39542831/ | https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c09250 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11613447/","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"source_locator","value_text":"Reviewed reference lines 49-49; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"0800b714-d333-53ad-bae1-725e8533e7b1","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 49-49","start_line":49,"end_line":49,"excerpt":"**Pig exposure is not a human pharmacokinetic estimate.** In a six-pig crossover study, 50 mg/kg intragastric shikimic acid produced Cmax 10823.44 ng/mL (calculated 62.15 µM), Tmax 1.78 h and half-life 1.81 h. With a 2 mg/kg intravenous comparator, estimated bioavailability was 21.68%; intravenous half-life was 3.66 h. Rapid plasma C3, C4 and immunoglobulin changes correlated with drug concentration. This is not proof of new antibody synthesis or improved infection resistance. PK–PD fits to healthy pigs cannot supply an effective human dose. [Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of the Immune-Enhancing Effect of Shikimic Acid in Growing Pigs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39542831/)","model_system":"Six growing pigs, crossover; oral 50 mg/kg versus intravenous 2 mg/kg.","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Exact excerpt of the retained AI-assisted reviewed reference; primary sources are cited in primary_references and access scope is retained. 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