{"id":"192db2e1-ccd3-53e2-ad43-cb26d17f59bd","stable_key":"d8050016-13c9-5391-9d61-63de73590053:zeaxanthin-bco2-central-2024","predicate":"shows_central_enrichment_in","statement":"The 2024 study reported greater BCO2 expression in the macular region than peripherally.","claim_class":"mechanistic","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"context_dependent","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"75ec2c14-f184-50a1-9e67-ac8c8494567b","mechanism_event_label":"This paper placed more BCO2 centrally.","subject":{"id":"6bafd6da-3aef-56c9-8402-24a93bb91c92","slug":"human-bco2","display_name":"Human beta-carotene oxygenase 2 / BCO2","entity_type_key":"protein"},"object":{"id":"da49f914-914a-5e7f-9dba-822de5c4c7d7","slug":"human-bco2-retinal-expression","display_name":"Human retinal BCO2 regional protein abundance","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"75ec2c14-f184-50a1-9e67-ac8c8494567b","stable_key":"d8050016-13c9-5391-9d61-63de73590053:zeaxanthin-bco2-central-2024-event","event_type":"biochemical_relationship","label":"This paper placed more BCO2 centrally.","description":"The 2024 study reported greater BCO2 expression in the macular region than peripherally.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"6bafd6da-3aef-56c9-8402-24a93bb91c92","slug":"human-bco2","display_name":"Human beta-carotene oxygenase 2 / BCO2","entity_type_key":"protein"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"da49f914-914a-5e7f-9dba-822de5c4c7d7","slug":"human-bco2-retinal-expression","display_name":"Human retinal BCO2 regional protein abundance","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_span","value_text":"{\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/39151780.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"e43805b4445f15c3f6490ab163d908ee7a43f475538b3160fc1ea9771cff9ab4\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1282, \"text_sha256\": \"e43805b4445f15c3f6490ab163d908ee7a43f475538b3160fc1ea9771cff9ab4\"}","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Confocal Raman/fluorescence imaging and expression analysis","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"exposure","value_text":"Twelve carotenoid-related proteins; Western blot and single-cell RNA database","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Localization is not proof of transport direction or rate. Regional BCO2 result differs from the 2025 study; antibody specificity, sampling and compartment remain unresolved comparison variables.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"zeaxanthin","display_name":"Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"organism","value_text":"Human donor retina and RPE","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"This paper placed more BCO2 centrally.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"[zeaxanthin-p39151780] Imaging macular carotenoids and their related proteins in the human retina with confocal resonance Raman and fluorescence microscopy. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39151780/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.110043","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"tissue_or_cell_type","value_text":"Central versus peripheral retinal regions","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"677d0d8d-e97c-53c6-a3bc-66a1d73b8f3b","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 561-572","start_line":561,"end_line":572,"excerpt":"### zeaxanthin-bco2-central-2024\nThe 2024 study reported greater BCO2 expression in the macular region than peripherally.\nCondition category: normal\nnutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect.\nplain_language: This paper placed more BCO2 centrally.\norganism: Human donor retina and RPE\ntissue_or_cell_type: Central versus peripheral retinal regions\nexperimental_model: Confocal Raman/fluorescence imaging and expression analysis\nlimitations: Localization is not proof of transport direction or rate. Regional BCO2 result differs from the 2025 study; antibody specificity, sampling and compartment remain unresolved comparison variables.\nexposure: Twelve carotenoid-related proteins; Western blot and single-cell RNA database\nevidence_span: {\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/39151780.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"e43805b4445f15c3f6490ab163d908ee7a43f475538b3160fc1ea9771cff9ab4\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1282, \"text_sha256\": \"e43805b4445f15c3f6490ab163d908ee7a43f475538b3160fc1ea9771cff9ab4\"}\n[zeaxanthin-p39151780] Imaging macular carotenoids and their related proteins in the human retina with confocal resonance Raman and fluorescence microscopy. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39151780/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.110043","model_system":"Confocal Raman/fluorescence imaging and expression analysis","directness":"author_interpretation","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Exact curation-document quotation, not publisher quotation. Study references: [zeaxanthin-p39151780] Imaging macular carotenoids and their related proteins in the human retina with confocal resonance Raman and fluorescence microscopy. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39151780/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.110043","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"df7effe5-d60c-525e-bd48-1518e1a03c51","stable_key":"import-d8050016-13c9-5391-9d61-63de73590053","title":"Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text.","file_path":"","sha256":"f872aef57169cee72edccda6652f3359e58cdf2e5427b507b83c32a9126ac7c1","revision_id":"dcd90b3a-8c34-57a8-999b-5ae1d2633943","review_status":"unverified_draft","notes":""}}],"relations":[],"conflicts":[{"id":"a704263e-c2d3-5053-b724-ae4a141edf4d","title":"Where is retinal BCO2 more abundant: the macula or the periphery?","kind":"qualification","status":"open","why":"These primary studies report opposite regional BCO2 abundance patterns in human retina. This concerns regional measurements, separately from the earlier catalytic-activity dispute. Differences in antibodies, sampling, donors and tissue compartments may matter, but the selected evidence does not establish which accounts for the reversal.","resolution":"Unresolved regional comparison. Preserve both observations and their methods; do not use either as a universal retinal map or assume protein abundance directly measures carotenoid-cleavage flux. A matched analysis with validated antibodies and comparable regions is needed.","created_at":"2026-09-18 03:50:32","record_type":"conflict","display_label":"Recorded conflict","record_url":"/conflicts/a704263e-c2d3-5053-b724-ae4a141edf4d","sides":[{"conflict_id":"a704263e-c2d3-5053-b724-ae4a141edf4d","ordinal":0,"label":"2024 central enrichment","revision_id":"dcd90b3a-8c34-57a8-999b-5ae1d2633943","start_line":561,"end_line":572,"quote":"### zeaxanthin-bco2-central-2024\nThe 2024 study reported greater BCO2 expression in the macular region than peripherally.\nCondition category: normal\nnutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect.\nplain_language: This paper placed more BCO2 centrally.\norganism: Human donor retina and RPE\ntissue_or_cell_type: Central versus peripheral retinal regions\nexperimental_model: Confocal Raman/fluorescence imaging and expression analysis\nlimitations: Localization is not proof of transport direction or rate. Regional BCO2 result differs from the 2025 study; antibody specificity, sampling and compartment remain unresolved comparison variables.\nexposure: Twelve carotenoid-related proteins; Western blot and single-cell RNA database\nevidence_span: {\"source_cache\": \"artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/39151780.abstract.txt\", \"locator\": \"Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets\", \"file_sha256\": \"e43805b4445f15c3f6490ab163d908ee7a43f475538b3160fc1ea9771cff9ab4\", \"start_char\": 0, \"end_char\": 1282, \"text_sha256\": \"e43805b4445f15c3f6490ab163d908ee7a43f475538b3160fc1ea9771cff9ab4\"}\n[zeaxanthin-p39151780] Imaging macular carotenoids and their related proteins in the human retina with confocal resonance Raman and fluorescence microscopy. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39151780/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.110043","source_key":"import-d8050016-13c9-5391-9d61-63de73590053","source_title":"Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17)","claim_ids":["192db2e1-ccd3-53e2-ad43-cb26d17f59bd"]},{"conflict_id":"a704263e-c2d3-5053-b724-ae4a141edf4d","ordinal":1,"label":"2025 peripheral enrichment","revision_id":"dcd90b3a-8c34-57a8-999b-5ae1d2633943","start_line":1003,"end_line":1005,"quote":"### Context for zeaxanthin-bco2-regional-disagreement\nThe 2025 donor-retina Western blot study reported higher BCO2 expression peripherally than centrally. The existing atomic record is 11c0cfa7-e7ae-5229-aa8f-80aba487808e and is linked in this chapter without duplication.\n[zeaxanthin-p39978586] Unveiling BCO2 function in macular pigment metabolism: Mitochondrial processing and expression in the primate retina. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39978586/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2025.159600","claim_id":null,"source_key":"import-d8050016-13c9-5391-9d61-63de73590053","source_title":"Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17)","claim_ids":[]}]}],"corrections":[],"research":null}