{"id":"138eee86-4e9e-5692-921f-51ff7c429872","stable_key":"104835a3-b891-5dc4-a6bb-42ab7c6f96c4:butyrate-lean-human-insulin","predicate":"modulates","statement":"In nine lean men, four weeks of 4 g/day oral sodium butyrate was associated with improved peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity.","claim_class":"observational","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"context_dependent","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"ddc18899-3147-56d0-8227-b64f645eddd3","mechanism_event_label":"A small human pilot detected a metabolic change in lean participants.","subject":{"id":"e7428a7f-d35a-5406-9904-a88984814833","slug":"butyrate","display_name":"Butyrate","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"object":{"id":"c10c4b88-b869-5468-815f-1e44d3c66798","slug":"human-butyrate-insulin-sensitivity","display_name":"Human insulin sensitivity after oral sodium butyrate","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"ddc18899-3147-56d0-8227-b64f645eddd3","stable_key":"104835a3-b891-5dc4-a6bb-42ab7c6f96c4:butyrate-lean-human-insulin-event","event_type":"observed_relationship","label":"A small human pilot detected a metabolic change in lean participants.","description":"In nine lean men, four weeks of 4 g/day oral sodium butyrate was associated with improved peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"e7428a7f-d35a-5406-9904-a88984814833","slug":"butyrate","display_name":"Butyrate","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"c10c4b88-b869-5468-815f-1e44d3c66798","slug":"human-butyrate-insulin-sensitivity","display_name":"Human insulin sensitivity after oral sodium butyrate","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"4baf6011-dcc4-5a69-9c77-a21de6060383","slug":"sodium-butyrate","display_name":"Sodium butyrate","entity_type_key":"chemical_species"},"role":"context_participant","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":2,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary abstract","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Uncontrolled before/after pilot with clamp measurements.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"No placebo group; the lean arm cannot establish efficacy in metabolic syndrome.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Butyrate collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"butyrate","display_name":"Butyrate","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"A small human pilot detected a metabolic change in lean participants.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"Differential metabolic effects of oral butyrate treatment in lean versus metabolic syndrome subjects. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29799027/ · DOI 10.1038/s41424-018-0025-4","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"101b9908-04da-581a-9b16-d6cf48396678","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 558-564","start_line":558,"end_line":564,"excerpt":"## butyrate-lean-human-insulin\nA small human pilot detected a metabolic change in lean participants.\nIn nine lean men, four weeks of 4 g/day oral sodium butyrate was associated with improved peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity.\nModel: Uncontrolled before/after pilot with clamp measurements.\nLimitations: No placebo group; the lean arm cannot establish efficacy in metabolic syndrome.\nEvidence access: Primary abstract\nDifferential metabolic effects of oral butyrate treatment in lean versus metabolic syndrome subjects. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29799027/ · DOI 10.1038/s41424-018-0025-4","model_system":"Uncontrolled before/after pilot with clamp measurements.","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Original curation paraphrase; evidence access and experimental limitations specified.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"33205bb8-dcbe-5d2c-afca-86075d7748d1","stable_key":"import-104835a3-b891-5dc4-a6bb-42ab7c6f96c4","title":"Butyrate: microbial production, fuel use, signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. 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