{"id":"10f117cd-94bc-59e1-a9ea-34ff042d93f0","stable_key":"c836a883-ac18-5eb2-9971-2f0b542feba8:human-saquinavir-trough","predicate":"decreases_in_recorded_experiment","statement":"The garlic-caplet regimen lowered the reported saquinavir trough by approximately 49% versus baseline.","claim_class":"observational","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"negative","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"040d4ebf-d5cf-527a-9f3e-61614aeb7c36","mechanism_event_label":"The garlic-caplet regimen lowered the reported saquinavir trough by approximately 49% versus baseline.","subject":{"id":"d9b5ee26-aac1-5207-8147-d68926dde55d","slug":"garlic-caplets-piscitelli-2002","display_name":"Garlic caplets in the saquinavir interaction study","entity_type_key":"botanical"},"object":{"id":"0f25aad2-2a4c-55d1-8cfb-c5c789681077","slug":"human-saquinavir-trough","display_name":"Human plasma saquinavir trough concentration","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"040d4ebf-d5cf-527a-9f3e-61614aeb7c36","stable_key":"c836a883-ac18-5eb2-9971-2f0b542feba8:human-saquinavir-trough-event","event_type":"experimental_observation","label":"The garlic-caplet regimen lowered the reported saquinavir trough by approximately 49% versus baseline.","description":"**Saquinavir exposure.** In ten healthy volunteers, a garlic-supplement regimen reduced saquinavir AUC by about 51%, trough concentration by 49%, and peak concentration by 54%. After washout, values had not fully returned to baseline. This is a measured pharmacokinetic interaction with that preparation; combined CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein induction was not established as its causal mechanism. The magnitude should not be assigned to all garlic foods, purified allicin, or every CYP3A4 substrate. [Piscitelli 2002](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11740713/)","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"d9b5ee26-aac1-5207-8147-d68926dde55d","slug":"garlic-caplets-piscitelli-2002","display_name":"Garlic caplets in the saquinavir interaction study","entity_type_key":"botanical"},"role":"tested factor","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"Saquinavir during tested garlic regimen","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"0f25aad2-2a4c-55d1-8cfb-c5c789681077","slug":"human-saquinavir-trough","display_name":"Human plasma saquinavir trough concentration","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"measured outcome","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"decrease","sequence_order":1,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"7b3eeb3a-14bb-552f-8488-a43512c77d7c","slug":"saquinavir","display_name":"Saquinavir","entity_type_key":"drug"},"role":"co-administered drug","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":2,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary indexed abstract reviewed; full methods, exact concentrations or species-specific attribution remain unextracted unless explicitly stated in the abstract or separately verified publisher text.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_condition","value_text":"administered","comparator":"Saquinavir before garlic supplementation","unit":null,"notes":"Condition belongs to the full experimental contrast; do not separate a joint intervention.","entity":{"slug":"garlic-caplets-piscitelli-2002","display_name":"Garlic caplets in the saquinavir interaction study","entity_type_key":"botanical"}},{"dimension":"experimental_condition","value_text":"administered","comparator":"Saquinavir before garlic supplementation","unit":null,"notes":"Condition belongs to the full experimental contrast; do not separate a joint intervention.","entity":{"slug":"saquinavir","display_name":"Saquinavir","entity_type_key":"drug"}},{"dimension":"experimental_contrast","value_text":"{\"intervention\": \"Saquinavir during tested garlic regimen\", \"comparator\": \"Saquinavir before garlic supplementation\", \"endpoint\": \"The garlic-caplet regimen lowered the reported saquinavir trough by approximately 49% versus baseline.\", \"effect_direction\": \"decrease\", \"combination\": \"joint\", \"conditions\": [{\"entity_slug\": \"saquinavir\", \"state\": \"administered\"}, {\"entity_slug\": \"garlic-caplets-piscitelli-2002\", \"state\": \"administered\"}]}","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"Explicit extracted experimental comparison; source-derived draft.","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Ten healthy volunteers; sequential saquinavir pharmacokinetic measurements before and during garlic supplementation.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"interpretation_status","value_text":"Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"CYP3A4/P-glycoprotein mechanism not established; no class-wide 51% interaction assigned to all garlic or all substrates.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"The garlic-caplet regimen lowered the reported saquinavir trough by approximately 49% versus baseline.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"The effect of garlic supplements on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir. | 2002 | DOI 10.1086/324351 | PMID 11740713 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11740713/ | https://doi.org/10.1086/324351","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"source_locator","value_text":"Reviewed reference lines 101-101; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"bdba2ca5-e8e0-52e4-83b3-aaec179ac466","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 101-101","start_line":101,"end_line":101,"excerpt":"**Saquinavir exposure.** In ten healthy volunteers, a garlic-supplement regimen reduced saquinavir AUC by about 51%, trough concentration by 49%, and peak concentration by 54%. After washout, values had not fully returned to baseline. This is a measured pharmacokinetic interaction with that preparation; combined CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein induction was not established as its causal mechanism. The magnitude should not be assigned to all garlic foods, purified allicin, or every CYP3A4 substrate. [Piscitelli 2002](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11740713/)","model_system":"Ten healthy volunteers; sequential saquinavir pharmacokinetic measurements before and during garlic supplementation.","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Exact excerpt of the retained AI-assisted reviewed reference; primary sources are cited in primary_references and access scope is retained. Not a verbatim quotation from a primary paper.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"10820a6b-594a-547d-97f9-906ab4cc1d6e","stable_key":"import-c836a883-ac18-5eb2-9971-2f0b542feba8","title":"Allicin: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 5 October 2026)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication.","file_path":"","sha256":"2475d3eb681100a0a34577a47b7cba5b251df866fbd6ce795122ccabee360018","revision_id":"590df96d-2ed1-5763-b04c-bf0e096e603c","review_status":"unverified_draft","notes":""}}],"relations":[],"conflicts":[],"corrections":[],"research":null}