{"id":"0a1ec22e-d1fe-55e6-ae91-3d7b6a553fb1","stable_key":"104835a3-b891-5dc4-a6bb-42ab7c6f96c4:butyrate-ampk-knockdown","predicate":"knockdown_removes","statement":"AMPK siRNA or compound C removed the barrier protection from SCFA pretreatment, including 2 mM butyrate, against ethanol in Caco-2 cells.","claim_class":"mechanistic","status":"source_derived_draft","evidence_grade":"ungraded","direction":"context_dependent","is_public":true,"mechanism_event_id":"63f0f086-6a40-5925-af90-b20e923bd1c1","mechanism_event_label":"Reducing the signaling machinery removed the protective response.","subject":{"id":"95bc303f-ad04-59ea-8e1e-32f9e8b72c56","slug":"human-ampk-complexes","display_name":"Human AMP-activated protein kinase complexes","entity_type_key":"protein_family"},"object":{"id":"9f110e33-28fc-56a8-b1ed-0f90681b6503","slug":"human-butyrate-epithelial-barrier","display_name":"Barrier function in butyrate-exposed human epithelial monolayers","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"evidence_count":1,"mechanism_event":{"id":"63f0f086-6a40-5925-af90-b20e923bd1c1","stable_key":"104835a3-b891-5dc4-a6bb-42ab7c6f96c4:butyrate-ampk-knockdown-event","event_type":"observed_relationship","label":"Reducing the signaling machinery removed the protective response.","description":"AMPK siRNA or compound C removed the barrier protection from SCFA pretreatment, including 2 mM butyrate, against ethanol in Caco-2 cells.","status":"provisional","compartment":null,"participants":[{"entity":{"id":"95bc303f-ad04-59ea-8e1e-32f9e8b72c56","slug":"human-ampk-complexes","display_name":"Human AMP-activated protein kinase complexes","entity_type_key":"protein_family"},"role":"subject","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":0,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"9f110e33-28fc-56a8-b1ed-0f90681b6503","slug":"human-butyrate-epithelial-barrier","display_name":"Barrier function in butyrate-exposed human epithelial monolayers","entity_type_key":"cellular_process"},"role":"target","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":1,"notes":""},{"entity":{"id":"e7428a7f-d35a-5406-9904-a88984814833","slug":"butyrate","display_name":"Butyrate","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"},"role":"context_participant","stoichiometry":null,"state_label":"","sequence_order":2,"notes":""}]},"contexts":[{"dimension":"availability_state","value_text":"machinery_impairment","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"Imported condition classification; unverified.","entity":null},{"dimension":"evidence_access","value_text":"Primary abstract","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"experimental_model","value_text":"Human Caco-2 cells; 40 mM ethanol challenge and AMPK perturbation.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"limitations","value_text":"Not evidence that butyrate makes alcohol exposure safe; AMPK subunit identity is not inferred from the accessed abstract.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"nutrient_topic","value_text":"Butyrate collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":{"slug":"butyrate","display_name":"Butyrate","entity_type_key":"small_molecule"}},{"dimension":"plain_language","value_text":"Reducing the signaling machinery removed the protective response.","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"primary_references","value_text":"Short-chain fatty acids activate AMP-activated protein kinase and ameliorate ethanol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in Caco-2 cell monolayers. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24132573/ · DOI 10.3945/jn.113.179549","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"","entity":null},{"dimension":"trigger_kind","value_text":"machinery_impairment","comparator":null,"unit":null,"notes":"Imported condition classification; unverified.","entity":null}],"evidence":[{"id":"127d19f1-1fca-5644-b1db-134a9a6a17d3","evidence_kind":"source_excerpt","locator":"Lines 294-300","start_line":294,"end_line":300,"excerpt":"## butyrate-ampk-knockdown\nReducing the signaling machinery removed the protective response.\nAMPK siRNA or compound C removed the barrier protection from SCFA pretreatment, including 2 mM butyrate, against ethanol in Caco-2 cells.\nModel: Human Caco-2 cells; 40 mM ethanol challenge and AMPK perturbation.\nLimitations: Not evidence that butyrate makes alcohol exposure safe; AMPK subunit identity is not inferred from the accessed abstract.\nEvidence access: Primary abstract\nShort-chain fatty acids activate AMP-activated protein kinase and ameliorate ethanol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in Caco-2 cell monolayers. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24132573/ · DOI 10.3945/jn.113.179549","model_system":"Human Caco-2 cells; 40 mM ethanol challenge and AMPK perturbation.","directness":"reported_statement","verification_status":"source_derived_draft","notes":"Original curation paraphrase; evidence access and experimental limitations specified.","relationship":"supports","weight":1.0,"link_notes":"","source":{"id":"33205bb8-dcbe-5d2c-afca-86075d7748d1","stable_key":"import-104835a3-b891-5dc4-a6bb-42ab7c6f96c4","title":"Butyrate: microbial production, fuel use, signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19)","document_type":"imported_text","citation_label":"AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. 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